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Primary English · Year 2Chapter 4 · Nouns and noun phrases
Year 2 · Chapter 4

Nouns and noun phrases

By the end of this chapter you will be able to

  • Find the nouns in a sentence, and say what each one names
  • Add describing words before a noun to make an expanded noun phrase
  • Make a noun with -ness or -er, and spell it correctly
  • Join two small words to make a compound noun
  • Write the plural of a noun with s or es
  • Use a capital letter for the names of people and places

You should already know

  • Words and sentences, and capital letters at the start (Year 1, Chapter 6)
  • Spelling rules and endings, such as changing y to i (Chapter 2)

Where this leads

  • Verbs and tense (Chapter 5)
  • Adjectives, adverbs and sentences (Chapter 6)
  • Writing stories with expanded noun phrases (Chapter 11)

National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 1 English, Year 2. Content: Name a noun: a person, a place, a thing or an animal, with the terms noun and noun phrase, Use expanded noun phrases to describe and specify, such as the blue butterfly and the tall green tree, Make nouns with the suffixes -ness and -er, such as kindness and teacher, Make compound nouns by joining two words, such as sunshine and football, Spell plural nouns, and use capital letters for names of people and places.

Exercise P  Do you remember?

1
FWhich two letters make the r sound at the start of write?
2
FWrite the -ing word for sit.
3
FWrite the tricky word that means a time of sixty minutes.
4
FWhich sentence is written correctly: the cat sat. or The cat sat.?
5
FWhich word has the letters sh together? Choose shop, fox or cup.
4.1

Naming words: nouns

Year 2
Name a noun: a person, a place, a thing or an animal, Use the term noun
Video lesson: Naming words: nounsComing soon
A classroom. Look for the naming words in this section.

A noun is a naming word. It names a person, a place, a thing or an animal.

Nurse and friend name people. Park and school name places.

Table and kite name things. Frog and duck name animals.

Try this test. Put the in front of the word. The park makes sense, so park is a noun.

Key ideas

  • A noun is a naming word.
  • Nouns name a person, a place, a thing or an animal.
  • You can put the in front of most nouns.
  • Words that say what someone does, or describe something, are not nouns.
Worked example 4.1.1
Which words are nouns in this sentence? The frog hopped on the log.

Method. Find the words that name a person, a place, a thing or an animal.

  1. Read the sentence. Look at each word, one at a time.
    The frog hopped on the log.
  2. Find the naming words. Frog names an animal. Log names a thing.
    frog (animal), log (thing)
  3. Check the other words. Hopped says what the frog did, so it is not a noun.
    hopped: not a noun
  4. Write the answer.
    frog, log

Check. The frog and the log both make sense with the in front. ✓

Watch out. Hopped is an action word, so it is not a noun.

Worked example 4.1.2
Is happy a noun? Explain.

Method. Ask: does the word name a person, a place, a thing or an animal?

  1. Read the word. Happy tells us how someone feels.
    happy
  2. Test it. The happy does not name anything.
    the happy: no thing is named
  3. Decide. It describes something, so it is not a noun.
    not a noun
  4. Write the answer.
    No. Happy describes something, so it is not a noun.

Check. Happy describes; it does not name. ✓

Watch out. Describing words are important, but they are not nouns.

Worked example 4.1.3
Which group is kite in: person, place, thing or animal?

Method. Ask: is it a person, a place, a thing or an animal?

  1. Read the word. Think about what the word names.
    kite
  2. Decide what kind of thing it names. It names a thing.
    kite names a thing
  3. Write the answer.
    thing

Check. kite names a thing, so thing is the group. ✓

Watch out. A noun can name a person, a place, a thing or an animal.

Watch out

Watch out: a describing word such as happy or an action word such as hop is not a noun. Ask: does this word name a person, a place, a thing or an animal?

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Point to things in the room and ask: “Is it a person, a place, a thing or an animal?” Then try the test: put the in front. Your child can say the table, the door, the cat.

Exercise 4A  Practice: naming words

1
FWrite the nouns in this sentence: The owl sat in the tree.
2
FWhich word is a noun? Choose hop, frog or quickly.
3
FWhich group does each noun belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(a)Which group does nurse belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(b)Which group does park belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(c)Which group does table belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(d)Which group does frog belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
4
FWhich group does each noun belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(a)Which group does friend belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(b)Which group does beach belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(c)Which group does kite belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
(d)Which group does rabbit belong to? Write person, place, thing or animal.
5
FWrite the noun for the animal in this sentence: The duck swam on the pond.
6
FWrite the noun for the place in this sentence: The children played in the park.
7
FWhich word is a noun? Choose school, sing or slowly.
8
PSWrite a noun that names something you can sit on.
9
RAli says: “Happy is a noun, because it is a word.” Is he right? Explain.
10
PSWrite two nouns from this sentence: The bee sat on a red flower.
11
ROdd one out: hop, sing, teacher, swim. Which word is not an action word, and why?
12
PSWrite a noun for an animal, and a noun for a person. Any correct answers, for example: dog and friend.
4.2

Noun phrases and expanded noun phrases

Year 2
Use noun phrases with the and a, Make expanded noun phrases to describe and specify, such as the blue butterfly
Video lesson: Noun phrases and expanded noun phrasesComing soon
A garden. Look for the noun phrases in this section.

A noun phrase is a noun with the small words that go with it, such as the or a. The dog and a park are noun phrases.

An expanded noun phrase has describing words too. The blue butterfly tells us which butterfly.

Describing words go before the noun. The tall green tree tells us what the tree is like.

Some words come after the noun, and say where. The cup on the table tells us which cup.

Key ideas

  • A noun phrase is a noun with words like the or a.
  • An expanded noun phrase adds describing words.
  • Describing words go before the noun: the tall green tree.
  • Words such as on, in and under can say where: the cup on the table.
Worked example 4.2.1
Write the expanded noun phrase: the ___ tree (tall). Put the describing word in the gap.

Method. Put the describing word between the and the noun.

  1. Start with the noun phrase. It is the and the noun: the tree.
    the tree
  2. Add the describing word. Tall tells us what the tree is like. It goes before tree.
    the tall tree
  3. Write the answer.
    the tall tree

Check. Read it aloud: the tall tree. ✓

Watch out. Describing words go before the noun, not after it.

Worked example 4.2.2
Which phrase tells us where the cup is: the cup or the cup on the table?

Method. Look for the words that say where.

  1. Look at the cup. The cup tells us what, but not where.
    the cup
  2. Look at the longer phrase. On the table tells us where the cup is.
    the cup on the table
  3. Write the answer.
    the cup on the table

Check. On the table says where. ✓

Watch out. Words such as on and in can tell us where.

Worked example 4.2.3
Write the expanded noun phrase for a bird: the ___ ___ bird (small, brown).

Method. Put each describing word before the noun, in the gaps.

  1. Start with the noun phrase. It is the, then two gaps, then bird.
    the ___ ___ bird
  2. Fill the gaps. Small and brown both describe the bird. Put them in order.
    the small brown bird
  3. Write the answer.
    the small brown bird

Check. Small comes first, then brown, then bird. ✓

Watch out. The describing words go before the noun, one after the other.

Watch out

Watch out: the noun is the main word. In the tall green tree, the noun is tree. The other words describe it.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Describe a toy: “the small red ball”. Then take away one describing word, and ask your child what changes. Let them add two describing words to a noun such as cat.

Exercise 4B  Practice: noun phrases and expanded noun phrases

1
FWhich is a noun phrase? Choose hop, dog or the dog.
2
FWhich noun is in the expanded noun phrase the blue butterfly?
3
FWhich describing words are in the tall green tree?
4
FFill the gap to make an expanded noun phrase: the ___ butterfly (blue).
5
FFill the gaps to make an expanded noun phrase: the ___ ___ tree (tall, green).
6
PSMake the noun phrase bigger: a mouse. Add small and grey, and write the phrase.
7
PSWhich order is right: the pear sweet or the sweet pear? Write the right one.
8
PSWrite the noun phrase for: the bird that is in the tree.
9
PSThe cat sleeps ___ the bed. Which word says where the cat is? Choose under, sweet or blue.
10
PSWrite one sentence with an expanded noun phrase. Any correct sentence, for example: The small brown dog ran home.
11
RAli writes the dog and says it is an expanded noun phrase, because it has the. Is he right? Explain.
4.3

Nouns made with -ness and -er

Year 2
Make nouns with the suffix -ness, such as kindness, Make nouns with the suffix -er, such as teacher, for someone who does something
Video lesson: Nouns made with -ness and -erComing soon
A bakery. Look for the new nouns in this section.

A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word. It can make a new noun.

-ness makes a noun for a feeling or a quality. Kind becomes kindness.

-er makes a noun for someone who does something. Teach becomes teacher. Bake becomes baker.

Some words change before the suffix. Happy becomes happiness, with an i. Swim becomes swimmer, with two m letters.

Key ideas

  • -ness makes a noun for a feeling or a quality: kind, kindness.
  • -er makes a noun for someone who does something: teach, teacher.
  • Change y to i before -ness: happy, happiness.
  • Drop the e before -er: bake, baker. Double the last letter after one short vowel: swim, swimmer.
Worked example 4.3.1
Make a noun from kind with -ness. It means: a caring way to treat other people.

Method. Add -ness to make a noun for a feeling or a quality.

  1. Look at the root word. This is the word we start with.
    kind
  2. Add -ness to the end. Add -ness straight on the end of the root word.
    kind + ness
  3. Write the answer.
    kindness

Check. Say kindness out loud. It has kind at the start and -ness at the end. ✓

Watch out. Keep the root word whole, then add -ness.

Worked example 4.3.2
Make a noun from teach with -er. It means: someone who teaches children in a school.

Method. Add -er to the verb, so that it means someone who teaches children in a school.

  1. Look at the verb. It is the action the person does.
    teach
  2. Add -er to make a noun for a person. Add -er straight on the end of the verb.
    teach + er
  3. Write the answer.
    teacher

Check. The noun names someone who does the action: someone who teaches children in a school. ✓

Watch out. Drop the e first: baker, not bakeer. Double the consonant after one short vowel: swimmer.

Worked example 4.3.3
Make a noun from happy with -ness. It means: the feeling of being happy.

Method. Add -ness to make a noun for a feeling or a quality.

  1. Look at the root word. This is the word we start with.
    happy
  2. Add -ness to the end. Change the y to i first, then add -ness.
    happi + ness
  3. Write the answer.
    happiness

Check. Say happiness out loud. It has happy at the start and -ness at the end. ✓

Watch out. Change the y to i: happiness, not happyness.

Watch out

Watch out: happy becomes happiness, not happyness. Also, the -er ending can make a comparison, such as taller. Here, -er makes a noun for a person who does something.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Say a verb, such as teach or bake, and ask: “Who does this?” Then add -er together. For -ness, write happy on paper and change the y to an i before you add -ness.

Exercise 4C  Practice: nouns with -ness and -er

1
FMake a noun from kind with -ness. It means: a caring way to treat other people.
2
FMake a noun from dark with -ness. It means: having very little light.
3
FMake a noun from each word with -ness.
(a)Make a noun from bright with -ness. It means: how much light something gives.
(b)Make a noun from fair with -ness. It means: treating everyone in the same way.
4
FMake a noun from sad with -ness. It means: the feeling of being unhappy.
5
FMake a noun from each word with -ness.
(a)Make a noun from ill with -ness. It means: being unwell in your body.
(b)Make a noun from weak with -ness. It means: not being strong.
6
FMake a noun from teach with -er. It means: someone who teaches children in a school.
7
FMake a noun from each verb with -er.
(a)Make a noun from bake with -er. It means: someone who bakes bread and cakes.
(b)Make a noun from farm with -er. It means: someone who works on a farm.
(c)Make a noun from sing with -er. It means: someone who sings to other people.
8
PSMake a noun from swim with -er. It means: someone who swims in the water.
9
PSAli writes happyness. Write the word correctly.
10
PSMia writes bakker for someone who bakes bread. Write the word correctly.
11
RWhich word is a noun? Choose kind or kindness. Explain why.
4.4

Compound nouns: two words joined to make one

Year 2
Make compound nouns by joining two words, such as sunshine, Find a compound noun in a sentence
Video lesson: Compound nouns: two words joined to make oneComing soon
A playground. Look for the compound nouns in this section.

A compound noun is made when two small words join to make one new noun.

Sun and shine make sunshine. Foot and ball make football.

A compound noun is written as one word, and it names one thing.

Sunflower names a flower. It is not a sun. Look at the whole new word.

Key ideas

  • A compound noun joins two small words to make one new noun.
  • It is written as one word.
  • Sunflower names a flower, so the new word has its own meaning.
  • Look for the two small words inside the word.
Worked example 4.4.1
Join sun and flower. Write the compound noun.

Method. Join the two small words to make one new noun.

  1. Say the first word. This is the first small word.
    sun
  2. Say the second word. This is the second small word.
    flower
  3. Join them with no gap. Together they name a tall yellow flower.
    sun + flower = sunflower
  4. Write the answer.
    sunflower

Check. sunflower is one word, and it names a tall yellow flower. ✓

Watch out. A compound noun is written as one word, with no gap.

Worked example 4.4.2
Find the compound noun: We played football at break.

Method. Look for two small words joined together.

  1. Read the sentence. Look for a word made of two smaller words.
    We, played, football, at, break
  2. Check football. Foot and ball are joined to make one new noun.
    foot + ball = football
  3. Check break. Break is one small word, not two joined words.
    break: one word
  4. Write the answer.
    football

Check. Foot + ball = football. ✓

Watch out. Look for two small words inside the big word.

Worked example 4.4.3
Which two small words make teapot?

Method. Find the two small words inside the word.

  1. Look at teapot. Look for a small word at the start.
    tea-pot
  2. Find the second small word. Pot is the second small word.
    tea + pot
  3. Write the answer.
    tea and pot

Check. Tea + pot = teapot. ✓

Watch out. The two small words join with no gap.

Watch out

Watch out: two words side by side are not always a compound noun. The sun shines is a sentence, not one noun. A compound noun is one new word.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Put two toy names together, such as sun and flower, and say the new word. Ask your child what the new word names, and where they have seen one like it.

Exercise 4D  Practice: compound nouns

1
FJoin sun and shine. Write one word.
2
FJoin rain and bow. Write one word.
3
FJoin bed and room. Write one word.
4
FJoin each pair of words to make one word.
(a)Join tooth and brush to make one word.
(b)Join note and book to make one word.
(c)Join tea and pot to make one word.
(d)Join cup and cake to make one word.
5
FWhich is a compound noun? Choose football, quickly or happy.
6
FWhich two small words make playground?
7
PSFind the compound noun: They built a sandcastle on the beach.
8
PSFind the compound noun: Mia put her raincoat on before school.
9
PSWrite one word for white and board.
10
PSBen writes play ground for the place to play outside. Write it as one word.
11
RAli says sunflower is a compound noun, because sun and flower are both nouns joined together. Is he right? Explain.
4.5

Plural nouns: more than one

Year 2
Write the plural of a noun with s, Write the plural with es after s, x, ch and sh
Video lesson: Plural nouns: more than oneComing soon
A shop with many things. Look for plural nouns in this section.

A plural noun means more than one. Most nouns add s: cat becomes cats.

Nouns that end in s, x, ch or sh add es: bus becomes buses, box becomes boxes, dish becomes dishes, and watch becomes watches.

Some words do not follow the rule. Child becomes children. You learned this in Chapter 3.

Key ideas

  • A plural noun means more than one.
  • Most nouns add s: cat, cats.
  • Add es after s, x, ch and sh: bus, buses; box, boxes.
  • Look at the end of the word before you choose the ending.
Worked example 4.5.1
Write the plural of dog.

Method. Make the plural: more than one.

  1. Say the word for one. Look at the last letters of the word.
    dog
  2. Add the ending. Add s to make more than one.
    dog + s
  3. Write the answer.
    dogs

Check. Say it out loud: one dog, two dogs. ✓

Watch out. Look at the end of the word: s, x, ch and sh take es.

Worked example 4.5.2
Write the plural of bus.

Method. Make the plural: more than one.

  1. Say the word for one. Look at the last letters of the word.
    bus
  2. Add the ending. It ends in s, so we add es.
    bus + es
  3. Write the answer.
    buses

Check. Say it out loud: one bus, two buses. ✓

Watch out. Look at the end of the word: s, x, ch and sh take es.

Worked example 4.5.3
Write the plural of box.

Method. Make the plural: more than one.

  1. Say the word for one. Look at the last letters of the word.
    box
  2. Add the ending. It ends in x, so we add es.
    box + es
  3. Write the answer.
    boxes

Check. Say it out loud: one box, two boxes. ✓

Watch out. Look at the end of the word: s, x, ch and sh take es.

Watch out

Watch out: do not add s to a word that ends in x, s, ch or sh. Write boxes, not boxs.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Count real things at home, such as cups, socks or spoons, and say the plural together. Ask your child to look at the end of each word: s, x, ch and sh take es.

Exercise 4E  Practice: plural nouns

1
FLook at one cat. Write the word for two cats.
2
FWrite the plural of each noun.
(a)Write the plural of pig.
(b)Write the plural of tree.
(c)Write the plural of kite.
(d)Write the plural of bike.
3
FWrite the plural of each noun.
(a)Write the plural of bus.
(b)Write the plural of box.
(c)Write the plural of dish.
(d)Write the plural of watch.
4
FWrite the plural of each noun.
(a)Write the plural of fox.
(b)Write the plural of glass.
5
FCount the stars: there are 3. Write the plural word for star.
6
PSWhich is correct: buss or buses?
7
PSMia writes boxs for two boxes. Write the word correctly.
8
PSFill the gap with the plural of bench: There are two ___ in the park.
9
PSSort these plurals into two groups: dishes, cats, buses, dogs. Which add s, and which add es?
10
RWhy do we write buses with es, but cats with only s? Explain.
4.6

Capital letters for names of people and places

Year 2
Use a capital letter for the names of people, Use a capital letter for the names of places
Video lesson: Capital letters for names of people and placesComing soon
A bus stop, with a map of places. Look for names in this section.

The name of a person or a place starts with a capital letter.

Names of people: Amira, Leo, Yusuf. Names of places: Bristol, York, London.

Words such as park and school are not names. They start with a small letter.

Key ideas

  • Names of people start with a capital letter: Leo.
  • Names of places start with a capital letter: Leeds.
  • Ordinary nouns, such as park and school, start with a small letter.
  • A name can be in the middle of a sentence.
Worked example 4.6.1
Write ruby with a capital letter.

Method. Give the name a capital letter at the start.

  1. Look at the word. Names of people and places start with a capital letter.
    ruby
  2. Change the first letter. The first letter becomes a capital.
    r → R
  3. Write the answer.
    Ruby

Check. Ruby starts with a capital letter. ✓

Watch out. Names start with a capital letter, but park and school do not.

Worked example 4.6.2
Which word is the name of a place: park, York or school?

Method. Find the word with a capital letter that names one place.

  1. Look at park and school. These are ordinary nouns, not names.
    park, school: ordinary
  2. Look at York. York is the name of one city.
    York: a name
  3. Write the answer.
    York

Check. York is one place, so it is a name. ✓

Watch out. A name starts with a capital letter.

Worked example 4.6.3
Correct this sentence: priya and tom went to school.

Method. Correct the capital letters in the names, and check the rest of the sentence.

  1. Read the sentence. Look for the names of people and places.
    priya and tom went to school.
  2. Find the names. Priya and Tom are names of people. School is an ordinary noun, so it stays small.
    Priya and Tom went to school.
  3. Write the answer.
    Priya and Tom went to school.

Check. Read the corrected sentence aloud. ✓

Watch out. Each name starts with a capital letter. Ordinary nouns stay small.

Watch out

Watch out: a name starts with a capital letter even in the middle of a sentence. Write Ali went to London, not Ali went to london.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Read a few sentences from a book together. Ask your child to find the names of people and places, and to point to each capital letter. Then ask: is park a name?

Exercise 4F  Practice: names with capital letters

1
FWrite amira with a capital letter.
2
FWrite each name with a capital letter.
(a)Write noah with a capital letter.
(b)Write leo with a capital letter.
(c)Write mei with a capital letter.
(d)Write yusuf with a capital letter.
3
FWrite each place name with a capital letter.
(a)Write leeds with a capital letter.
(b)Write cardiff with a capital letter.
(c)Write glasgow with a capital letter.
4
FWhich is written correctly: london or London?
5
FWhich word is the name of a place? Choose park, York or school.
6
PSCorrect this sentence: ben lives in liverpool.
7
PSCorrect this sentence: mia and chloe went to brighton on a bus.
8
PSWrite the names in this sentence: Zainab and Arjun visited Manchester.
9
PSWhich words need capital letters? i went to the park with sam in cardiff.
10
RAli writes The park is in bristol. Priya says Bristol needs a capital letter, but park does not. Is she right? Explain.

Chapter summary

SkillMethod
Nouns: naming wordsA noun names a person, a place, a thing or an animal. Check with the in front.
Noun phrasesA noun with a small word such as the or a: the dog.
Expanded noun phrasesDescribing words go before the noun: the tall green tree. Words after it say where: the cup on the table.
Nouns with -ness and -erkind, kindness; happy, happiness (y to i); teach, teacher; bake, baker (drop e); swim, swimmer (double m).
Compound nounsTwo small words join to make one noun: sun + flower = sunflower.
Plural nounsMost add s. Add es after s, x, ch and sh: bus, buses; box, boxes.
Names of people and placesStart with a capital letter: Leo, York. Ordinary nouns like park stay small.

Can you…?

  • I can say whether a word is a noun, and what it names
  • I can make an expanded noun phrase with describing words before the noun
  • I can say where something is with a word after the noun
  • I can make a noun with -ness, such as happiness, and with -er, such as teacher
  • I can join two small words to make a compound noun, such as sunflower
  • I can write the plural of a noun with s or es
  • I can use a capital letter for the names of people and places

Key terms

noun
a naming word for a person, a place, a thing or an animal
noun phrase
a noun with a small word such as the or a before it
expanded noun phrase
a noun phrase with describing words, such as the tall green tree
suffix
a group of letters added to the end of a word, such as -ness or -er
compound noun
a new noun made by joining two small words, such as sunshine
plural noun
a noun that means more than one, such as cats or boxes
capital letter
a big letter, used at the start of a name of a person or a place

Exercise 4Z  Check-up

1
Write the noun for the animal in this sentence: The frog sat on the log.
2
Fill the gaps to make an expanded noun phrase: the ___ ___ house (big, red).
3
Make a noun from weak with -ness. It means: not being strong.
4
Make a noun from bake with -er. It means: someone who bakes bread and cakes.
5
Join bed and time to make one word. It names the time you go to sleep.
6
Write the plural of glass.
7
Write the plural of brush.
8
Correct this sentence: ali went to london.
9
Which word tells us where the cat is in the cat on the mat?
10
Odd one out: Ali, London, Bristol, park. Which is not a name, and why?

Total 14 marks. Allow about 14 minutes.

Exercise 4X  End-of-chapter quiz

1
FWhich word is a noun? Choose cat, sing or quickly.[1 mark]
2
FFill the gaps to make an expanded noun phrase: the ___ ___ tree (tall, green).[1 mark]
3
FMake a noun from dark with -ness. It means: having very little light.[1 mark]
4
FMake a noun from teach with -er. It means: someone who teaches.[1 mark]
5
FJoin rain and bow to make one word.[1 mark]
6
PSWrite the plural of box.[1 mark]
7
PSCorrect this sentence: sam went to bristol.[2 marks]
8
PSWrite the two small words that make toothbrush.[2 marks]
9
PSWrite an expanded noun phrase for a dog, with two describing words. Any correct answer, for example: the small brown dog.[2 marks]
10
RAli says happiness is a noun. Is he right? Explain.[2 marks]

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