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Primary English · Year 6Chapter 5 · Relative clauses and expanded noun phrases
Year 6 · Chapter 5

Relative clauses and expanded noun phrases

By the end of this chapter you will be able to

  • Choose who, which, that, where, when or whose to fit the noun it describes
  • Copy a relative clause from a sentence, and say which noun it describes
  • Leave out the relative pronoun where the sentence still makes sense
  • Build an expanded noun phrase with an adjective, a phrase and a clause
  • Join two short sentences into one, using a relative clause

You should already know

  • Noun phrases, and the words that describe a noun (Year 4 grammar)
  • Subordinate clauses, and conjunctions (Year 4 grammar, Chapter 6 of the Year 4 book)

Where this leads

  • Modal verbs, the perfect form and the passive (Chapter 6 of this book)

National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 2 English, Year 6. Content: Use relative clauses beginning with who, which or that to add information about a person or a thing (Y5-6 grammar), Use relative clauses beginning with where, when or whose, to add information about a place, a time or a possession (Y5-6 grammar), Use a relative clause with the relative pronoun left out, e.g. the book I read (Y5-6 grammar), Use expanded noun phrases that convey complicated information concisely, e.g. the old man who lived at the end of the lane (Y5-6 grammar), Join sentences with relative clauses, so that a text is concise and does not repeat words (Y5-6 grammar).

Exercise P  Do you remember?

1
FWrite the noun phrase in this sentence: The tall tree dropped its leaves. Write the phrase only.
2
FWhich word is a pronoun in this sentence: She gave the book to her brother.? Write one word.
3
FWhich word is a conjunction in this sentence: We stayed inside because it rained.? Write the word only.
4
FWrite the subject of this sentence: The dog chased the ball. Write the subject only.
5
FWrite the noun that the adjective old describes in this phrase: the old house. Write the word only.
5.1

Relative clauses with who, which and that

Year 6
Use relative clauses beginning with who, which or that to add information about a person or a thing (Y5-6 grammar)
Video lesson: Relative clauses with who, which and thatComing soon
Story. Ruby is writing a letter to a pen friend about her school. She describes the teacher who helps everyone, and the bike that was parked outside the gate.

A relative clause adds information about a noun. It begins with a relative pronoun. Use who for a person, and which or that for a thing.

The relative clause comes straight after the noun it describes, and it helps the reader to know which person or thing is meant.

Who, which and that

Relative pronounUsed forExample
whoa personThe teacher who helps everyone is kind.
thata person or a thingThe bike that was parked outside is red.
whicha thingThe painting which hangs in the hall is old.

Key ideas

  • A relative clause adds information about a noun.
  • Use who for people, and which or that for things.
  • The relative clause comes straight after the noun it describes.
Worked example 5.1.1
Join the sentences, using who: The teacher is kind. She helps everyone.

Method. Find the noun that the second sentence describes, then add the clause after it.

  1. Find the noun. She refers to the teacher, a person.
    The teacher
  2. Use who for a person. Who is the relative pronoun for a person.
    who helps everyone
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the noun.
    The teacher who helps everyone is kind.
  4. Write the answer.
    The teacher who helps everyone is kind.

Check. who describes the teacher, a person. ✓

Worked example 5.1.2
Join the sentences, using that: The soup was too hot. Mum made it.

Method. Find the noun that the second sentence describes, then add the clause after it.

  1. Find the noun. It refers to the soup, a thing.
    The soup
  2. Use that for a thing. That is the relative pronoun for a thing.
    that Mum made
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the noun, and the main verb stays.
    The soup that Mum made was too hot.
  4. Write the answer.
    The soup that Mum made was too hot.

Check. that describes the soup, a thing. ✓

Worked example 5.1.3
Which relative pronoun completes this sentence: The girl ___ won the race is my cousin. Write who, which or that.

Method. The girl is a person, so the pronoun is who.

  1. Find the noun. Girl is a person.
    girl
  2. Choose the pronoun. For a person, use who.
    who
  3. Check the sentence. The girl who won the race is my cousin.
    who
  4. Write the answer.
    who

Check. who is used for a person. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: do not use which or that for a person. Use who for a person, even if the person is a child or a friend.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to describe a family member using a relative clause, starting with who. Then ask them to describe a favourite object with which or that.

Exercise 5A  Practice: who, which and that

1
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun who: The boy is my cousin. He lives in Leeds.
2
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun that: The bike was stolen. It was parked outside the school.
3
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun who: The teacher is kind. She helps everyone.
4
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun that: The mountain is high. Snow covers its top.
5
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun that: A dog barked. It belonged to the farmer.
6
FWhich relative pronoun fits: The man ___ lives next door is a doctor. Choose one: who or which.
7
PSWhich relative pronoun fits: The chair ___ is broken needs mending. Choose one: who or that.
8
FCopy the relative clause from this sentence: The girl who sings in the choir is my sister.
9
FCopy the relative clause from this sentence: The car that was parked by the gate belongs to my uncle.
10
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the child who lost the ball? Write the word only.
11
PSWrite a sentence about a person, using a relative clause that begins with who.
12
PSWrite a sentence about a thing, using a relative clause that begins with which.
13
RExplain in one sentence why who is the right relative pronoun for the teacher, but which is not.
14
RIs The shop which sells bread is closed correct? Explain your answer.
15
RJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun whose: The painting is old. Its frame is gold.
16
FWrite the relative clause that describes the bike in this sentence: The bike that I bought is blue.
5.2

Relative clauses with where, when and whose

Year 6
Use relative clauses beginning with where, when or whose, to add information about a place, a time or a possession (Y5-6 grammar)
Video lesson: Relative clauses with where, when and whoseComing soon
Story. The class is writing a travel guide for the nature park. The guide describes the lake where ducks swim, the morning when the park opens, and the author whose maps are used by every visitor.

Other relative pronouns describe more than a person or a thing. Where describes a place. When describes a time. Whose shows that something belongs to the noun in front of it.

Where, when and whose

Relative pronounDescribesExample
wherea placeThe village where our family lives is quiet.
whena timeI remember the day when we won the match.
whosea possession or a belongingThe author whose books sold millions is famous.

Key ideas

  • Where describes a place.
  • When describes a time.
  • Whose shows that something belongs to the noun it describes.
Worked example 5.2.1
Join the sentences, using where: We visited the lake. Ducks swim on it.

Method. Find the place, then join the clause with where.

  1. Find the place. The lake is a place.
    the lake
  2. Use where for a place. Where describes a place.
    where ducks swim
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the place.
    We visited the lake where ducks swim.
  4. Write the answer.
    We visited the lake where ducks swim.

Check. where describes the lake, a place. ✓

Worked example 5.2.2
Join the sentences, using when: I remember the day. We won the match on that day.

Method. Find the time, then join the clause with when.

  1. Find the time. The day is a time.
    the day
  2. Use when for a time. When describes a time.
    when we won the match
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the time.
    I remember the day when we won the match.
  4. Write the answer.
    I remember the day when we won the match.

Check. when describes the day, a time. ✓

Worked example 5.2.3
Join the sentences, using whose: The author is famous. Her books sold millions.

Method. Find the owner, then join the clause with whose.

  1. Find the owner. Her books show that the author owns the books.
    the author
  2. Use whose for a possession. Whose shows that the books belong to the author.
    whose books
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the owner.
    The author whose books sold millions is famous.
  4. Write the answer.
    The author whose books sold millions is famous.

Check. whose shows that the books belong to the author. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: whose is not the same as who's. Whose shows that something belongs to someone, and who's means who is.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to describe a place they know, using where, and a day they remember, using when.

Exercise 5B  Practice: where, when and whose

1
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun where: We visited the lake. Ducks swim on it.
2
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun when: I remember the day. We won the match on that day.
3
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun whose: The author is famous. Her books sold millions.
4
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun where: The village is quiet. Our family lives there.
5
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun when: The day was sunny. We went to the beach.
6
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun whose: The painting is old. Its frame is gold.
7
PSWhich relative pronoun fits: The café ___ we had lunch is on the corner. Choose one: where or when.
8
PSWhich relative pronoun fits: Summer is the time ___ the park is busiest. Choose one: where or when.
9
FCopy the relative clause from this sentence: The shelf where the books are kept is tall.
10
FCopy the relative clause from this sentence: October is the month when the leaves turn gold.
11
FCopy the relative clause from this sentence: The dog whose tail is long won the prize.
12
PSWrite a sentence about a place, using a relative clause that begins with where.
13
PSWrite a sentence about a time, using a relative clause that begins with when.
14
RExplain in one sentence why where is the right pronoun for the hill, but when is not.
15
RJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun where: The village is quiet. Our family lives there.
16
PSUse whose to join these sentences: The dog is loud. Its bark is deep. Write the new sentence.
17
RWrite one sentence about a shop that uses whose correctly.
18
FWrite the relative clause in this sentence: The lake where the ducks swim is calm.
5.3

Relative clauses with the relative pronoun left out

Year 6
Use a relative clause with the relative pronoun left out, e.g. the book I read (Y5-6 grammar)
Video lesson: Relative clauses with the relative pronoun left outComing soon
Story. Leo is writing a review of the books he has read this term. He says the book I read in January was funny, and the story they wrote in class was funny too.

Sometimes the relative pronoun can be left out, when the noun is the object of the clause. For example, The book I read is the same as The book that I read. The pronoun that is left out is shown in brackets in the box below.

The pronoun can be left out

With the pronounLeft out
The book that I read was funny.The book I read was funny.
The song that we sang was loud.The song we sang was loud.
The game that we played was fun.The game we played was fun.

Key ideas

  • A relative pronoun can be left out when the noun is the object of the clause.
  • The sentence must still make sense without the pronoun.
  • Do not leave out the pronoun when the clause is the subject: The man who lives here is kind.
Worked example 5.3.1
Copy the clause from this sentence: The cake my friend baked was sweet.

Method. Find the noun, then the words after it that form the clause.

  1. Find the noun. The cake is the noun the clause describes.
    the cake
  2. Find the clause. The words after the cake are my friend baked, with no pronoun.
    my friend baked
  3. Check the meaning. The clause still makes sense with the pronoun left out.
    my friend baked
  4. Write the answer.
    my friend baked

Check. my friend baked describes the cake. ✓

Worked example 5.3.2
Join the sentences, leaving out the relative pronoun: The coat is blue. She lost it.

Method. Leave out the pronoun, because the coat is the object of the clause.

  1. Find the noun. The coat is the thing she lost.
    the coat
  2. Leave out the pronoun. The pronoun that is the object can be left out.
    The coat she lost
  3. Join the sentences. The clause she lost describes the coat.
    The coat she lost is blue.
  4. Write the answer.
    The coat she lost is blue.

Check. she lost describes the coat. ✓

Worked example 5.3.3
Is the pronoun needed in The man who lives here is kind? Answer yes or no.

Method. Look at what the clause does in the sentence.

  1. Find the clause. Who lives here is the clause.
    who lives here
  2. Decide. Who is the subject of lives, so the pronoun must stay.
    the pronoun is needed
  3. Check the sentence. Without who, the sentence would not make sense.
    yes
  4. Write the answer.
    yes

Check. The pronoun is needed because it is the subject. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: the pronoun can be left out only when it is the object. Keep who in The man who lives here, because who is the subject.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to read a sentence aloud with the pronoun in it, then without it. Ask which version reads more smoothly.

Exercise 5C  Practice: the relative pronoun left out

1
FIn this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The book I read was funny.
2
FIn this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The song we sang was loud.
3
FIn this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The food they cooked was hot.
4
FIn this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The coat she lost was blue.
5
FIn this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The game we played was fun.
6
FIn this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The cake my friend baked was sweet.
7
PSJoin the sentences, leaving out the relative pronoun: The bread is warm. The baker made it.
8
RIs the pronoun needed in The girl who won the race is my cousin? Answer yes or no.
9
PSWrite one sentence with a relative clause where the pronoun is left out, about a meal.
10
FCopy the clause from this sentence: The song we sang was loud.
11
FWrite the noun that the clause she lost describes in this sentence: The coat she lost was blue.
12
FJoin the sentences, leaving out the pronoun: The game is fun. We played it.
13
RExplain in one sentence why the pronoun can be left out in the book I read, but not in the boy who sat here.
14
PSWrite the sentence with the relative pronoun left out: The film that we watched was long.
15
RWhich clause could lose its pronoun: the girl who sings or the dress that I chose? Write the phrase only.
5.4

Expanded noun phrases

Year 6
Use expanded noun phrases that convey complicated information concisely, e.g. the old man who lived at the end of the lane (Y5-6 grammar)
Video lesson: Expanded noun phrasesComing soon
Story. A newspaper report describes a famous race. It says the old man who lived at the end of the lane won the cup, and that the scruffy brown dog that guarded the farm gate came second.

An expanded noun phrase packs a lot of information into one noun phrase. It may use adjectives, a phrase or a relative clause. The noun is the main word, and the other words describe it. For example: the old man who lived at the end of the lane.

Expanded noun phrases

Short noun phraseExpanded noun phraseMain noun
the manthe old man who lived at the end of the laneman
the dogthe scruffy brown dog that guarded the farm gatedog
the bookthe thick book about ancient Egyptbook
the girlthe quiet girl with the red scarfgirl
the roadthe narrow road that winds up the hillroad
the letterthe long letter from my grandmotherletter

Key ideas

  • The main noun is the word that the other words describe.
  • An expanded noun phrase can use adjectives, a prepositional phrase, or a relative clause.
  • Keep the phrase clear: too many words can confuse the reader.
Worked example 5.4.1
Which is the main noun in the old man who lived at the end of the lane? Write the word only.

Method. Find the noun that the other words describe.

  1. Find the words. Old describes the man, and who lived describes him too.
    old, who lived
  2. Find the noun. Man is the noun that the other words describe.
    man
  3. Write the answer.
    man

Check. man is the main noun. ✓

Worked example 5.4.2
Expand the road with an adjective and a relative clause.

Method. Add an adjective before the noun, and a clause after it.

  1. Find the noun. Road is the noun.
    road
  2. Add an adjective. Narrow describes the road.
    the narrow road
  3. Add a relative clause. That winds up the hill tells the reader more.
    that winds up the hill
  4. Write the answer.
    the narrow road that winds up the hill

Check. The phrase has an adjective and a clause. ✓

Worked example 5.4.3
Expand the girl with an adjective and a phrase that starts with with.

Method. Add an adjective, then a prepositional phrase after the noun.

  1. Find the noun. Girl is the noun.
    girl
  2. Add an adjective. Quiet describes the girl.
    the quiet girl
  3. Add a phrase. With the red scarf tells the reader what she wears.
    with the red scarf
  4. Write the answer.
    the quiet girl with the red scarf

Check. The phrase has an adjective and a phrase. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: an expanded noun phrase is still one noun phrase. Do not start a new sentence in the middle of it.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to expand a noun such as the bag three times, each time adding more detail.

Exercise 5D  Practice: expanded noun phrases

1
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the old man who lived at the end of the lane? Write the word only.
2
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the scruffy brown dog that guarded the farm gate? Write the word only.
3
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the thick book about ancient Egypt? Write the word only.
4
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the quiet girl with the red scarf? Write the word only.
5
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the narrow road that winds up the hill? Write the word only.
6
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the long letter from my grandmother? Write the word only.
7
PSExpand the coat by adding an adjective and a phrase that begins with of. Write the phrase.
8
PSExpand the noun phrase the house so that it gives more detail about the house. Write the phrase.
9
PSExpand the noun phrase the boat so that it gives more detail about the boat. Write the phrase.
10
RWhich phrase is an expanded noun phrase: ran fast or the fast runner who won the race? Write the phrase only.
11
FWrite the main noun in the scruffy brown dog that guarded the farm gate. Write the word only.
12
PSExpand the letter using a phrase and a relative clause, so that it tells the reader more.
13
FWhich word in the thick book about ancient Egypt describes the book? Write the word only.
14
PSWrite an expanded noun phrase about a bird, using an adjective and a relative clause.
15
RExplain in one sentence why an expanded noun phrase can be more concise than two sentences.
16
FWhich is the main noun in the phrase the quiet girl with the red scarf? Write the word only.
5.5

Joining sentences concisely with relative clauses

Year 6
Join sentences with relative clauses, so that a text is concise and does not repeat words (Y5-6 grammar)
Video lesson: Joining sentences concisely with relative clausesComing soon
Story. Amir is editing a piece about the school garden. His first draft has short, repeated sentences. He joins them with relative clauses, so that the text reads more smoothly.

Two short sentences that share a noun can often be joined with a relative clause. Instead of repeating the noun, the relative pronoun links the two ideas. This makes the writing concise, which means it says more in fewer words.

Before and after

Two sentencesOne sentence with a relative clause
The gardener is kind. She waters the plants.The gardener who waters the plants is kind.
We saw a fox. It was hiding under the hedge.We saw a fox that was hiding under the hedge.

Key ideas

  • Join sentences that share a noun, using a relative pronoun.
  • Remove the repeated pronoun, such as she or it.
  • Check that the joined sentence still means the same thing.
Worked example 5.5.1
Join the sentences: We saw a fox. It was hiding under the hedge.

Method. Find the noun, then replace the pronoun with a relative clause.

  1. Find the noun. The fox is the noun.
    a fox
  2. Replace the pronoun. It is replaced by that was hiding under the hedge.
    that was hiding
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the noun, and no repeated pronoun is left.
    We saw a fox that was hiding under the hedge.
  4. Write the answer.
    We saw a fox that was hiding under the hedge.

Check. It is replaced by that. ✓

Worked example 5.5.2
Join the sentences: The gardener is kind. She waters the plants.

Method. Find the person, and use who.

  1. Find the person. The gardener is a person.
    The gardener
  2. Replace the pronoun. She is replaced by who waters the plants.
    who waters the plants
  3. Join the sentences. The clause follows the person.
    The gardener who waters the plants is kind.
  4. Write the answer.
    The gardener who waters the plants is kind.

Check. who is used for a person. ✓

Worked example 5.5.3
Join the sentences: The hall was full. We sang in it.

Method. Leave out the pronoun, or use where, to join the sentences.

  1. Find the place. The hall is the place where we sang.
    the hall
  2. Join the sentences. We sang in it, so where or the object works.
    The hall we sang in
  3. Check the meaning. The new sentence says the same as the two original sentences.
    The hall we sang in was full.
  4. Write the answer.
    The hall we sang in was full.

Check. The joined sentence keeps the meaning. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a joined sentence must still make sense. Check that each relative clause describes the noun it follows.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to read a short paragraph of their own, and to find two short sentences that could be joined with who, which or where.

Exercise 5E  Practice: joining sentences concisely

1
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun that: The shop is open. It sells maps.
2
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun who: The runner is fast. She won the race.
3
FJoin these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun where: The lake is calm. Fish live in it.
4
PSJoin the sentences, using when: The bell rang. It was lunchtime.
5
PSJoin the sentences, using whose: The girl is my friend. Her kite flew highest.
6
FJoin the sentences, using that: I found a shell. It was white and smooth.
7
PSJoin these two sentences into one, using a relative clause: The park is big. We walk our dog there.
8
RJoin these sentences into one, using a relative clause: The bus stop is near the school. The bus leaves from it.
9
RWhich is the better join for We visited the castle. It was built in the 1400s.: the castle that was built in the 1400s or the castle was built? Write the phrase only.
10
FJoin the sentences, using which: The desk is old. It wobbles.
11
RExplain in one sentence why joining sentences makes writing concise.

Chapter summary

SkillMethod
Relative clauseA clause that adds information about a noun, and begins with a relative pronoun.
who, which, thatWho for a person; which or that for a thing (that can be used for both).
where, when, whoseWhere for a place; when for a time; whose for a possession.
Pronoun left outPossible when the pronoun is the object of the clause: the book I read.
Expanded noun phraseA noun with adjectives, a phrase or a clause that gives concise detail.
Concise joiningTwo sentences that share a noun can be joined with a relative clause.

Can you…?

  • I can use who, which and that to describe a person or a thing
  • I can use where, when and whose to describe a place, a time or a possession
  • I can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause
  • I can build an expanded noun phrase with an adjective, a phrase or a clause
  • I can join two sentences with a relative clause, without repeating a pronoun

Key terms

relative pronoun
a word such as who, which, that, where, when or whose that begins a relative clause
relative clause
a clause that describes a noun, and begins with a relative pronoun
expanded noun phrase
a noun phrase with extra words that give more detail about the noun
main noun
the noun that the other words in a noun phrase describe
concise
saying a lot in few words, without repetition
object
the person or thing that receives the action of a verb
subject
the person or thing that does the action of a verb

Exercise 5Z  Check-up

1
Join these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun who: The boy is my cousin. He lives in Leeds.
2
Join these two sentences into one, using the relative pronoun where: We visited the lake. Ducks swim on it.
3
Copy the relative clause from this sentence: The day when we won the match was happy.
4
In this sentence, the relative pronoun is left out. Copy the clause without its pronoun: The food they cooked was hot.
5
Which is the main noun in the phrase the narrow road that winds up the hill? Write the word only.
6
Write the relative pronoun that describes a place in this sentence: The village where our family lives is quiet. Write the word only.
7
Which relative pronoun fits: The author ___ books sold millions is famous. Choose one: who or whose.
8
Expand the noun phrase the girl so that it gives more detail about the girl. Write the phrase.
9
Join the sentences, using that: A dog barked. It belonged to the farmer.
10
Explain in one sentence what an expanded noun phrase is.

Total 15 marks. Allow about 15 minutes.

Exercise 5X  Practice test questions

1
PSJoin the sentences, using who: The teacher is kind. She helps everyone. Write the new sentence.[2 marks]
2
FWrite the relative clause in this sentence: The painting that hangs in the hall is old. Write the clause only.[1 mark]
3
PSChoose the relative pronoun that completes this sentence: We visited the castle ___ the king once lived. Write the word only.[1 mark]
4
PSCopy the relative clause from this sentence: The cake my friend baked was sweet. The pronoun is left out.[1 mark]
5
FWrite the main noun in this expanded noun phrase: the thick book about ancient Egypt. Write the word only.[1 mark]
6
PSJoin these sentences, using when: I remember the day. We won the match on that day. Write the new sentence.[2 marks]
7
RExplain why the pronoun must stay in The man who lives here is kind, in one or two sentences.[2 marks]
8
PSExpand the noun the boat with an adjective and a relative clause. Write the phrase.[3 marks]
9
RJoin these sentences into one with a relative clause: The bus stop is near the school. The bus leaves from it.[2 marks]
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