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Primary Science · Year 4Chapter 3 · Classification keys
Year 4 · Chapter 3

Classification keys

By the end of this chapter you will be able to

  • Explain that a classification key asks yes or no questions to name a living thing
  • Follow an animal key step by step, and say which step gives a name
  • Use a key for leaves to name four trees from their leaves
  • Use a key for minibeasts to name animals found in a garden
  • Write a simple yes or no question that separates two living things
  • Explain why the features in a key must be checked in a set order

You should already know

  • Grouping living things by their shared features (Year 4 Science, Chapter 2)
  • Living things and their habitats, and naming plants and animals (Year 2 Science, Chapter 3)

Where this leads

  • Habitats, changes in the environment and food chains (Year 4 Science, Chapter 4)
  • Identifying living things in more detail (Year 5 Science)

National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 2 science, Year 4. Content: LH2 (summary): use and apply classification keys to sort, identify and name living things in nearby and wider surroundings.

Exercise P  Do you remember?

1
FWhich group has 8 legs and 2 body parts? Write the word.
2
FWhich group of animals has feathers and a beak? Write the word.
3
FDo animals without a backbone have the name vertebrates or invertebrates? Write the word.
4
FWhich part of a plant holds the plant up? Write the word.
5
FIs a frog an amphibian? Write yes or no.
3.1

What a classification key is

Year 4
LH2: use and apply classification keys to sort, identify and name living things
Video lesson: What a classification key isComing soon
Story. Leo finds a small creature under a flowerpot. He does not know its name. “How can I find out what it is?” he asks. Ms Chen takes out a card with questions on it. “Answer each question with yes or no,” she says. “The card will lead you to a name.”

A classification key is a set of questions that helps you to identify (name) a living thing. Each question asks about one feature that you can see, count or check. Each question has two answers: yes or no.

You start at the first question and follow the answer. Each answer sends you to the next question, or to a name. The key always ends with a name.

Key ideas

  • A classification key asks yes or no questions about features.
  • Each question has two answers: yes or no.
  • You start at the first question and follow the answers, step by step.
  • The key ends with the name of the living thing.
Worked example 3.1.1
A key question asks: Does it have feathers? Is this a yes or no question? Write yes or no.

Method. Check the question for two answers.

  1. Read the question. The question asks whether the animal has feathers.
    feathers
  2. Check the answers. The answer can only be yes or no, so it is a yes or no question.
    yes or no
  3. Write the answer.
    yes

Check. Every question in a key has two answers, yes or no. ✓

Worked example 3.1.2
Which question is a good key question: a) Is it pretty? b) Does it have 8 legs? Write a or b.

Method. Look for the question with a yes or no answer that you can check.

  1. Look at a). Pretty is an opinion, so it is not a good key question.
    opinion
  2. Look at b). You can count the legs, and the answer is yes or no.
    count the legs
  3. Write the answer.
    b

Check. Only checkable features make good key questions. ✓

Worked example 3.1.3
When you reach a name at the end of a key, what have you done? Write one word: identified or measured.

Method. Think about what a key is for.

  1. Think about the purpose. A key helps you to name a living thing, so you have identified it.
    name
  2. Choose the word. Naming a living thing is called identifying it.
    identified
  3. Write the answer.
    identified

Check. The key led you to the name, so the living thing is identified. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a key only works if you answer each question carefully, using a feature you can see. A question about how a creature makes you feel is not a good key question.

Try it at home or school (with a grown-up). Look at a leaf from a tree in the garden, with a grown-up. Think of one yes or no question about it, such as: Is the leaf smooth on the edge? Answer it yes or no. Do not pick leaves from trees that you do not know.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Can you answer that with yes or no? Can you see it, or check it?” Let your child say the word identify, and what it means.

Exercise 3A  What a classification key is

1
FA classification key asks questions with two answers. Write the two answers.
2
FFill in the gap: a classification key helps you ___ a living thing, which means naming it. Write the word.
3
FHow many answers can each step of a yes or no key have? Write the number.
4
FWhat does a key always end with? Write one word: name or number.
5
FIs “Does it have feathers?” a yes or no question? Write yes or no.
6
FIs “What colour is it?” a yes or no question? Write yes or no.
7
FWhich is a good key question: a) Is it pretty? b) Does it have 8 legs? Write a or b.
8
PSAli says a classification key works only for animals. Is Ali right? Write yes or no.
9
FTrue or false: a key can be used to name plants. Write true or false.
10
PSName one feature that you could check by looking, such as the number of legs. Write one feature.
11
PSWorking scientifically. Ali uses a key and gets a name he does not expect. Write one sensible thing he should do next.
12
RExplain what a classification key is, in one sentence.
3.2

Using a key for animals

Year 4
LH2: use and apply classification keys to sort, identify and name living things
Video lesson: Using a key for animalsComing soon
Story. The class has a box of animal pictures. Priya reads the first question of the key and says, “A robin has a backbone, so I go to question 2.” Mr Patel says, “Keep going, one step at a time, and do not skip any question.”

This is the animal key. Start at step 1. Answer each question yes or no, then follow the arrow: go to step a number, or read the name.

StepQuestionIf yesIf no
1Does it have a backbone?go to step 2go to step 6
2Does it have feathers?birdgo to step 3
3Does it live in water and have fins?fishgo to step 4
4Does it have fur or hair?mammalgo to step 5
5Does it have dry, scaly skin?reptileamphibian
6Does it have 8 legs?spidergo to step 7
7Does it have 6 legs?insectgo to step 8
8Does it have a shell?snailworm

Key ideas

  • Start at step 1, and answer every question in order.
  • If the answer is yes, follow the yes column. If the answer is no, follow the no column.
  • A key ends when you reach a name in the table.
  • Do not skip a step, even if you think you know the name.
Worked example 3.2.1
Using the animal key, a robin has a backbone. Which step do you go to next? Write the number.

Method. Start at step 1 and follow the answer.

  1. Read step 1. Step 1 asks: Does it have a backbone? The robin answers yes.
    yes
  2. Find the next step. The yes column for step 1 says go to step 2.
    go to step 2
  3. Write the answer.
    2

Check. Step 2 asks about feathers, and the robin has them. ✓

Worked example 3.2.2
Using the animal key, a robin has feathers. Write the name the key gives.

Method. Follow step 2.

  1. Read step 2. Step 2 asks: Does it have feathers? The robin answers yes.
    yes
  2. Read the name. The yes column for step 2 gives the name bird.
    bird
  3. Write the answer.
    bird

Check. Feathers and a beak make a bird. ✓

Worked example 3.2.3
Using the animal key, a goldfish has a backbone, no feathers, and lives in water with fins. Write the name the key gives.

Method. Follow the steps one at a time.

  1. Step 1: backbone. Yes, so go to step 2.
    step 2
  2. Step 2: feathers. No, so go to step 3.
    step 3
  3. Step 3: fins and water. Yes, so the key gives the name fish.
    fish
  4. Write the answer.
    fish

Check. The goldfish is named after three steps. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: follow the answer for each question. A yes answer and a no answer lead to different steps, so do not use the same column twice.

Try it at home or school (with a grown-up). Look at the pictures of animals in a book with a grown-up. Use the animal key on one picture at a time. Say each step aloud, and write the name the key gives.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Which question are you on? Did you answer yes or no? Where does the arrow go?” Let your child read each step, and say which number to go to next.

Exercise 3B  Using a key for animals

1
FUsing the animal key, a robin has a backbone. Which step do you go to next? Write the number.
2
FUsing the animal key, a robin has feathers. Write the name the key gives.
3
FUsing the animal key, a goldfish gives the name fish. Which step gives the name? Write the number.
4
FUsing the animal key, which name does a frog get? Write the name.
5
FUsing the animal key, which name does a lizard get? Write the name.
6
FUsing the animal key, which name does a dog get? Write the name.
7
FUsing the animal key, which name does a spider get? Write the name.
8
FUsing the animal key, which name does a ladybird get? Write the name.
9
FUsing the animal key, which name does a snail get? Write the name.
10
FUsing the animal key, which name does a worm get? Write the name.
11
PSWorking scientifically. Ruby predicts that a worm will be named snail by the key. Use the key to check her prediction. Write the name the key gives.
12
PSUsing the animal key, a bat has a backbone and flies, and it has fur. Which name does the key give? Write the name.
13
RA penguin has feathers. Is the key right to name it bird? Write yes, and say why in one sentence.
3.3

Using a key for leaves

Year 4
LH2: use and apply classification keys to identify living things, using features such as the shape of leaves
Video lesson: Using a key for leavesComing soon
Story. Aisha collects four leaves from the trees in the school field. “How do I know which tree each leaf came from?” she asks. Mr Patel gives her a leaf key. “Look at the edge of the leaf first,” he says. “Then follow the steps.”

Leaves have different shapes and edges. A leaf key uses these features to name the tree. Look at the picture of four leaves, and then use the key.

Hollyspiny edgesSycamorefive pointed lobesOakrounded lobesBirchoval, pointed tip
Four leaves: holly with spiny edges, sycamore with five pointed lobes, oak with rounded lobes, and birch, an oval with a pointed tip.

This is the leaf key. Start at step 1.

StepQuestionIf yesIf no
1Are the edges spiny, and are the leaves green all year?hollygo to step 2
2Does the leaf have five pointed lobes, like a hand?sycamorego to step 3
3Does the leaf have rounded lobes?oakbirch

Key ideas

  • Leaves can be named by their shape and the edges.
  • Holly leaves have spiny edges, and stay green all year.
  • Sycamore leaves have five pointed lobes, a bit like a hand.
  • Oak leaves have rounded lobes. Birch leaves are oval with a pointed tip and no lobes.
Worked example 3.3.1
Using the leaf key, a leaf has spiny edges and stays green all year. Write the name the key gives.

Method. Start at step 1.

  1. Read step 1. The leaf has spiny edges and stays green all year, so the answer is yes.
    yes
  2. Read the name. The yes column of step 1 gives holly.
    holly
  3. Write the answer.
    holly

Check. Holly leaves are spiny, and the tree is evergreen. ✓

Worked example 3.3.2
Using the leaf key, a leaf has five pointed lobes. Write the name the key gives.

Method. Follow the steps.

  1. Step 1. The edges are not spiny, so go to step 2.
    step 2
  2. Step 2. The leaf has five pointed lobes, so the yes column gives sycamore.
    sycamore
  3. Write the answer.
    sycamore

Check. The five pointed lobes are the feature of sycamore. ✓

Worked example 3.3.3
Using the leaf key, a leaf is oval with a pointed tip and no lobes. Write the name the key gives.

Method. Follow the steps.

  1. Step 1. No spiny edges, so go to step 2.
    step 2
  2. Step 2. No pointed lobes, so go to step 3.
    step 3
  3. Step 3. The leaf has no rounded lobes, so the no column gives birch.
    birch
  4. Write the answer.
    birch

Check. Birch is the leaf with no lobes. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: look at the edge of the leaf carefully. A lobe is a rounded or pointed part that sticks out from the middle of the leaf, not a small tooth on the edge.

Try it at home or school (with a grown-up). Collect two different leaves from a tree in a garden or park, with a grown-up. Use the leaf key on each one. Write the name, or write that the key does not name it. Do not eat or taste any leaf.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “What is the edge like? Does it have lobes? Where does the arrow go next?” Let your child follow each step with a finger on the key.

Exercise 3C  Using a key for leaves

1
FUsing the leaf key, a leaf has spiny edges and stays green all year. Which step is the last one used? Write the number.
2
FUsing the leaf key, a leaf does not have spiny edges. Which step do you go to next? Write the number.
3
FUsing the leaf key, a leaf has five pointed lobes. Write the name the key gives.
4
FUsing the leaf key, a leaf has rounded lobes. Write the name the key gives.
5
FUsing the leaf key, a leaf is oval with a pointed tip and no lobes. Write the name the key gives.
6
FWhich leaf in the picture is holly? Write the name of the leaf in the picture that has spiny edges.
7
PSA leaf does not have lobes, and its edge is toothed with a pointed tip. Which tree is it? Write the name.
8
PSA friend says a sycamore leaf has spiny edges. Is the friend right? Write yes or no.
9
PSWorking scientifically. Predict the question that would separate an oak leaf from a birch leaf. Write one question.
10
RWrite one question you could add to the leaf key to separate oak from birch, if the key did not already do this.
11
RExplain why the leaf key asks about spiny edges first. Write one sentence.
3.4

Making a key

Year 4
LH2: use and apply classification keys; write yes or no questions that sort living things into groups
Video lesson: Making a keyComing soon
Story. Ruby wants to make a key for her friends to use. “I will write yes or no questions about the animals,” she says. “But which question should come first?” Mr Patel says, “Choose the question that splits the animals into two groups in a clear way.”

To make a key, write one question at a time. Each question must have a yes or no answer, and it must split the living things into two groups. Then ask a new question about one of the groups, until each group has one name.

Put the questions in a sensible order. Start with a question that splits the living things into the biggest clear groups, such as: Does it have a backbone?

Key ideas

  • Each key question has a yes or no answer.
  • Each question splits the living things into two groups.
  • Choose a feature that you can see or check.
  • Put the questions in a set order, and check each one.
Worked example 3.4.1
Which question should come first in an animal key: Does it have a backbone? or Does it have a shell? Write the question that comes first.

Method. Think about which question splits the animals into the biggest clear groups.

  1. Think about the backbone. The backbone question splits vertebrates from invertebrates, which is a large clear split.
    large clear split
  2. Choose the first question. So the backbone question should come first.
    Does it have a backbone?
  3. Write the answer.
    Does it have a backbone?

Check. A shell is only found on some invertebrates, so it is a later question. ✓

Worked example 3.4.2
Write the number of groups that one yes or no question makes. Write the number.

Method. Think about a yes or no question.

  1. Think about the answers. Each answer sends the living things into one of two groups.
    two groups
  2. Write the number. So one yes or no question makes two groups.
    2
  3. Write the answer.
    2

Check. Yes and no make two groups. ✓

Worked example 3.4.3
Which question separates goldfish from robins? a) Is it pretty? b) Does it have feathers? Write a or b.

Method. Look for the question that splits the two animals.

  1. Look at a). Pretty is an opinion, and both animals may be pretty.
    opinion
  2. Look at b). A robin has feathers, and a goldfish does not, so it splits them.
    splits them
  3. Write the answer.
    b

Check. Feathers are a clear feature that splits the two animals. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a key question must have a clear answer. “Is it big?” is a poor question, because two people may disagree about what big means.

Try it at home or school (with a grown-up). Choose four objects from the house or garden that are living things, with a grown-up, such as a plant and a bird picture. Write one yes or no question that separates two of them. Ask a friend to answer it.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Does your question have a yes or no answer? Does it split the group into two?” Let your child change a poor question into a clear one.

Exercise 3D  Making a key

1
FIs “Is it a plant?” a question that can be answered yes or no? Write yes or no.
2
FWhich question is a better key question for goldfish and robins: a) Is it pretty? b) Does it have feathers? Write a or b.
3
FOne yes or no question splits a group of living things. How many groups does it make? Write the number.
4
FWhich question should come first in an animal key: Does it have a backbone? Write the question.
5
PSWorking scientifically. Write one yes or no question that separates a frog from a dog.
6
PSWrite one yes or no question that separates goldfish from robins.
7
FFill in the gap: a good key question has a clear answer, which is yes or ___. Write the word.
8
PSA key asks “Does it have 6 legs?” and the answer is yes for a ladybird. Write the name the key gives for a ladybird.
9
PSRuby writes the key question “Is it big?” Explain why this is a poor key question. Write one reason in a few words.
10
PSName one feature that you can check by looking at a living thing, such as the number of legs. Write one feature.
11
PSIn an animal key, the answer to “Does it have a backbone?” is no. Write one question that could come next.
12
RExplain why a key must check its questions in a set order. Write one sentence.
3.5

Naming minibeasts nearby

Year 4
LH2: use and apply classification keys to sort, identify and name living things in nearby and wider surroundings
Video lesson: Naming minibeasts nearbyComing soon
Story. Mo and Yusuf find minibeasts under a log in the garden. “What is this one with lots of legs?” Yusuf asks. Ms Chen says, “Use the minibeast key. Count the legs first. Look carefully, and then put it back where you found it.”

Minibeasts are small animals, such as spiders, insects, snails and worms. Many live in gardens and parks. The minibeast key uses the number of legs, and whether there is a shell, to name them. Look at the picture of the key, and then the table.

1. Does it have 8 legs?yesspiderno2. Does it have 6 legs?yesinsectno3. Does it have 14 legs?yeswoodlouseno4. Does it have a shell?yessnailnoworm
The minibeast key. Step 1: 8 legs gives spider. Step 2: 6 legs gives insect. Step 3: 14 legs gives woodlouse. Step 4: a shell gives snail, and no shell gives worm.

The same key, written as a table.

StepQuestionIf yesIf no
1Does it have 8 legs?spidergo to step 2
2Does it have 6 legs?insectgo to step 3
3Does it have 14 legs?woodlousego to step 4
4Does it have a shell?snailworm

Key ideas

  • Count the legs of a minibeast carefully before you answer.
  • 8 legs means spider, and 6 legs means insect.
  • A woodlouse has 14 legs.
  • A snail has a shell. A worm has no legs and no shell.
Worked example 3.5.1
A minibeast has 8 legs. Which name does the minibeast key give? Write the name.

Method. Start at step 1.

  1. Read step 1. Does it have 8 legs? The answer is yes.
    yes
  2. Read the name. The yes column gives spider.
    spider
  3. Write the answer.
    spider

Check. Spiders have 8 legs. ✓

Worked example 3.5.2
A minibeast has 14 legs. Which step gives its name? Write the step number.

Method. Follow the steps.

  1. Step 1. It does not have 8 legs, so go to step 2.
    step 2
  2. Step 2. It does not have 6 legs, so go to step 3.
    step 3
  3. Step 3. It has 14 legs, so the yes column gives woodlouse at step 3.
    step 3
  4. Write the answer.
    3

Check. Woodlice have 14 legs. ✓

Worked example 3.5.3
A snail has a shell and no legs. Write the name the key gives.

Method. Follow the steps for a snail.

  1. Steps 1 to 3. It does not have 8, 6 or 14 legs, so go to step 4.
    step 4
  2. Step 4. It has a shell, so the yes column gives snail.
    snail
  3. Write the answer.
    snail

Check. The shell names the snail. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a woodlouse is not an insect, even though it is small and lives under logs. It has 14 legs, so the key names it separately.

Try it at home or school (with a grown-up). Look under a log or a flowerpot in the garden with a grown-up. Count the legs of any minibeast you see, from a safe distance. Use the key to name it, then put it back exactly where you found it. Wash your hands afterwards.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “How many legs? Is there a shell? Which step is next?” Never let your child pick up a minibeast they do not know, and remind them to be gentle.

Exercise 3E  Naming minibeasts nearby

1
FA minibeast has 8 legs. Which name does the minibeast key give? Write the name.
2
FA minibeast has 6 legs and 3 body parts. Write the name the key gives.
3
FA woodlouse has 14 legs. Which step names it? Write the step number.
4
FA snail has a shell and no legs. Write the number of the step that names it.
5
FA worm has no legs and no shell. Write the name the key gives.
6
PSA minibeast has 14 legs. Write the name the key gives.
7
FHow many questions does the key ask before it names a spider? Write the number.
8
FHow many questions does it take to name a snail? Write the number.
9
PSWorking scientifically. Plan how you would test the minibeast key on five minibeasts in a garden. Write one thing you must do to keep it safe.
10
PSA friend says a woodlouse is an insect, because it is a minibeast. Is the friend right? Write yes or no.
11
PSA minibeast has 6 legs and wings. Which name does the key give? Write the name.
12
RWrite one safe rule for finding minibeasts in a garden.

Chapter summary

SkillMethod
What a key isA classification key is a set of yes or no questions about features. It leads to the name of a living thing.
Animal keyStart at step 1. Answer yes or no, and follow the yes or no column until a name is reached.
Leaf keyLook at the edges and the lobes of a leaf. Holly, sycamore, oak and birch can be named by their leaves.
Minibeast keyCount the legs, and look for a shell. Spiders have 8 legs, insects have 6, woodlice have 14.
Making a keyWrite yes or no questions that split living things into two groups, in a sensible order.

Can you…?

  • I can explain that a classification key asks yes or no questions
  • I can follow an animal key step by step to name an animal
  • I can use a leaf key to name a tree from its leaves
  • I can use a key for minibeasts found nearby, and say which step gives the name
  • I can write a yes or no question that separates two living things

Key terms

classification key
a set of yes or no questions about features that leads to the name of a living thing
identify
to say what a living thing is, by naming it
feature
something about a living thing that can be seen, counted or checked
step
one question in a key, and the answer that you follow next
lobe
a rounded or pointed part of a leaf that sticks out from its middle
minibeast
a small animal, such as a spider, insect, snail or worm, that lives in a garden or park
evergreen
a plant that keeps its leaves all year, such as holly
woodlouse
a small animal with 14 legs that lives under logs and stones; it is not an insect

Exercise 3Z  Check-up

1
Using the animal key in section 3.2, which step gives the name bird? Write the step number.
2
Using the animal key in section 3.2, which name does a goldfish get? Write the name.
3
Using the leaf key in section 3.3, which name does a leaf with spiny edges get? Write the name.
4
Using the minibeast key in section 3.5, which step names a spider? Write the step number.
5
Is “Does it have 8 legs?” a yes or no question? Write yes or no.
6
Using the minibeast key, how many steps does it take to name a woodlouse? Write the number.
7
Write one feature that a key can check by looking, such as legs.
8
Using the animal key in section 3.2: step 1 is yes, step 2 is no, and step 3 is yes. Which name is given? Write the name.
9
Using the minibeast key, is a woodlouse an insect? Write no, and say why in one sentence.

Total 15 marks. Allow about 15 minutes.

Exercise 3X  Practice test questions

1
FUsing this key: 1 Does it have 8 legs? If yes, the name is spider. If no, go to step 2. 2 Does it have 6 legs? If yes, the name is insect. If no, go to step 3. 3 Does it have a shell? If yes, the name is snail. If no, the name is worm. A creature has 6 legs. Write its name.[1 mark]
2
FA classification key asks questions with two answers. Write the two answers.[1 mark]
3
FUsing this leaf key: 1 Are the edges spiny, and is the leaf green all year? If yes, the name is holly. If no, go to step 2. 2 Does the leaf have five pointed lobes? If yes, the name is sycamore. If no, go to step 3. 3 Does the leaf have rounded lobes? If yes, the name is oak. If no, the name is birch. A leaf has five pointed lobes. Write its name.[1 mark]
4
FWhich tree has spiny edges on its leaves, and keeps its leaves green all year? Write the name of the tree.[1 mark]
5
PSWrite one yes or no question that separates a frog from a dog.[2 marks]
6
RIn an animal key, which question should come first: Does it have a backbone? or Does it have feathers? Write the question that should come first.[2 marks]
7
RExplain why a key checks its features in a set order. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
8
PSUsing this leaf key: 1 Are the edges spiny, and is the leaf green all year? If yes, the name is holly. If no, go to step 2. 2 Does the leaf have five pointed lobes? If yes, the name is sycamore. If no, go to step 3. 3 Does the leaf have rounded lobes? If yes, the name is oak. If no, the name is birch. A leaf is oval, with a pointed tip and no lobes. Write its name.[2 marks]
9
PSUsing this key: 1 Does it have 8 legs? If yes, the name is spider. If no, go to step 2. 2 Does it have 6 legs? If yes, the name is insect. If no, go to step 3. 3 Does it have 14 legs? If yes, the name is woodlouse. If no, go to step 4. 4 Does it have a shell? If yes, snail. If no, worm. A minibeast has 14 legs. Write its name.[1 mark]
10
FUsing this key: 1 Does it have 8 legs? If yes, the name is spider. If no, go to step 2. Write the name of a minibeast with 8 legs, and the number of questions the key asks first.[2 marks]
← Chapter 2: Grouping living thingsChapter 4: Habitats, change and food chains →

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