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Primary Science · Year 6Chapter 7 · Light travels in straight lines
Year 6 · Chapter 7

Light travels in straight lines

By the end of this chapter you will be able to

  • Show that light travels in a straight line, using holes in cards
  • Explain why a shadow has the same shape as the object that casts it
  • Explain why a shadow gets bigger when the object is nearer the light source
  • Explain how a pinhole makes an upside-down image, using straight lines of light
  • Describe safe ways to use light, and never look at the Sun

You should already know

  • Light and shadows, and light being blocked to make a shadow (Year 3 Science, Chapter 8)
  • Fair tests, tables and bar charts (Chapter 1 of this book)

Where this leads

  • How we see objects, using reflection and the eye (Year 6 Science, Chapter 8)

National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 2 science, Year 6. Content: L1 recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines, L4 use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain that the shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast them.

Exercise P  Do you remember?

1
FWhat do we call a material that light cannot pass through at all? Write the word.
2
FWhat is the name for an area where light is blocked by an object, and it is dark? Write the word.
3
FWhich object gives out its own light? Write the word: lamp or mirror.
4
FWhat do we call the width of a shadow compared with the object, when a light is far away? Write the word: bigger or smaller.
5
FWhich unit do we use to measure the length of a shadow? Write the abbreviation.
7.1

Light travels in straight lines

Year 6
L1: recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines
Video lesson: Light travels in straight linesComing soon
Story. Mo shines a torch through a hole in a card. “The light goes through!” he says. Then he makes a second card with a hole in a different place. “Now the light stops.” “The light moves in a straight line,” says Priya. “If the holes are not in line, it is blocked.”

Light appears to travel in straight lines. We can show this with a torch and cards with holes in them. When the holes are in a straight line, the light passes through them all. If one hole is moved to the side, the light is blocked.

A straight line of light is often drawn as a ray, with an arrow to show the direction the light is travelling.

the light goes through all three holes in a straight line
A torch shines through three holes in three cards, all in a line, onto a wall. The light travels in a straight line.
the middle hole is moved, so the light is blocked
The middle hole is lower than the others, so the light from the torch is blocked by the middle card.

Key ideas

  • Light appears to travel in straight lines.
  • A straight line of light is shown as a ray, with an arrow for direction.
  • If the holes are not in a straight line, the light is blocked.
  • Opaque materials block light; transparent materials let light through.
Worked example 7.1.1
In the picture in section 7.1, the three holes are all in a line. Does the light reach the wall? Write yes or no.

Method. Look at the holes.

  1. Read the picture. The holes are all in one straight line with the torch and the wall.
    in a line
  2. Decide. So the light passes through all three holes and reaches the wall.
    yes
  3. Write the answer.
    yes

Check. Light travels in straight lines, so it can pass through aligned holes. ✓

Worked example 7.1.2
When the middle hole is moved down, does the light reach the wall? Write yes or no.

Method. Look at the picture with the moved hole.

  1. Read the picture. The middle hole is moved, so it is not in line with the torch and the wall.
    not in line
  2. Decide. The light is blocked by the middle card, so the answer is no.
    no
  3. Write the answer.
    no

Check. Light cannot bend round a card to reach the wall. ✓

Worked example 7.1.3
What do we call a straight line with an arrow that shows the direction of light? Write the word.

Method. Read the description.

  1. Read the description. A straight line of light, with an arrow for its direction, is a ray.
    ray
  2. Check the parts. The straight line shows the path, and the arrow shows which way the light travels.
    path and direction
  3. Write the answer.
    ray

Check. Rays are used in diagrams of light. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: light does not bend round corners in a straight-line model. If an object is in the way, the light is blocked and a shadow forms.

Exam tip

Exam tip. When you use the straight-line idea, say that the light travels in a straight line from the source to the object or the eye.

Try it (with your teacher, or a grown-up at home). Make three cards with a hole in each, and line the holes up. Hold them in front of a torch, with a grown-up. Move one card slightly. What happens to the light? Keep the torch pointed away from people's eyes.

Exercise 7A  Light travels in straight lines

1
FIn the picture in section 7.1, what is the shape that shows the direction of the light? Write the word.
2
FDoes light appear to travel in a straight line? Write yes or no.
3
FWhen the holes in three cards are in a line, does the torch light reach the wall? Write yes or no.
4
FWhen the middle hole is moved to the side, does the torch light reach the wall? Write yes or no.
5
FWhat do we call a material that light cannot pass through? Write the word.
6
FWhat do we call a material that lets light pass through clearly? Write the word.
7
FWhat name do we give to a straight line of light that has an arrow showing its direction? Write the word.
8
FDoes light bend round a card to reach a wall behind it? Write yes or no.
9
PSPriya says light always bends when it passes a corner. Is Priya right? Write yes or no.
10
PSThree holes are in a line. The torch is at one end. How many holes does the light pass through to reach the wall? Write the number.
11
PSWorking scientifically. Plan a test to show that light travels in a straight line. Write one thing you must keep the same.
12
RExplain why the light is blocked when the middle hole is moved. Write one sentence.
13
RChallenge: explain how the three holes show that light travels in straight lines, and not in curves. Write one sentence.
7.2

Shadows have the same shape as the object

Year 6
L4: use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain that shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast them
Video lesson: Shadows have the same shape as the objectComing soon
Story. Aisha puts a card arrow in front of a torch and a wall. “The shadow looks like the arrow,” she says. Mr Patel asks, “Why does the shadow have the same shape?” “Because the light travels in straight lines,” says Aisha. “It is blocked by the edges of the arrow.”

A shadow forms when an opaque object blocks light. Light travels in straight lines from the torch, past the edges of the object, to the wall.

Light that passes the edges of the object makes the outline of the shadow. Light that is blocked by the middle of the object makes the dark area inside. So the shadow has the same shape as the object, as long as the light and the object are placed the same way.

torchcard arrowshadow on wallthe shadow has the same shape as the card, because light travels in straight lines
A torch, a card arrow and its shadow on a wall. The shadow has the same shape as the arrow.

Key ideas

  • A shadow is made when an opaque object blocks light.
  • Light travels in straight lines, so it is blocked by the edges of the object.
  • The shadow has the same shape as the object that casts it.
  • The shadow is on the side of the object away from the light.
Worked example 7.2.1
A card arrow casts a shadow on a wall. What shape is the shadow? Write the word.

Method. Use the idea of straight lines.

  1. Think about the light. Light travels in straight lines past the edges of the arrow.
    straight lines
  2. Write the shape. So the shadow is the same shape as the arrow.
    arrow
  3. Write the answer.
    an arrow

Check. The shadow copies the outline of the object. ✓

Worked example 7.2.2
Why is the shadow the same shape as the object? Write the reason in one word.

Method. Use the straight line idea.

  1. Think about the light. Light travels in straight lines and is blocked by the edges.
    blocked by edges
  2. Write the reason. The reason is straight lines.
    straight
  3. Write the answer.
    straight lines

Check. Light cannot bend round the object. ✓

Worked example 7.2.3
Which side of the card is the shadow on: the side facing the torch, or the side away from it? Write the words.

Method. Think about where the light cannot reach.

  1. Think about the light. The light comes from the torch, so the card blocks it on the far side.
    far side
  2. Write the answer. So the shadow is on the side away from the torch.
    away from the torch
  3. Write the answer.
    the side away from the torch

Check. The side facing the torch is in light. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a shadow is not the same as the object. It is a dark shape on a surface, and it shows the outline of the object, not its colour or detail.

Exam tip

Exam tip. Use the words straight lines and blocked when you explain a shadow: light travels in straight lines, and is blocked by the object.

Try it (with your teacher, or a grown-up at home). Cut a simple shape from card, such as a star or an arrow. Shine a torch on it, with a grown-up, and hold it close to a wall. Look at the shadow. Is it the same shape? Trace the shadow with a pencil, and compare the shape with the card.

Exercise 7B  Shadows have the same shape as the object

1
FWhat is the name for the dark shape made when an opaque object blocks light? Write the word.
2
FIs a shadow the same shape as the object that makes it? Write yes or no.
3
FWhich idea explains why a shadow has the same shape as the object? Write the words.
4
FWhich side of an object is the shadow on: the side towards the light, or the side away from it? Write the words.
5
FA star-shaped card makes a shadow. What shape is the shadow? Write the word.
6
FDoes a shadow show the colour of the object that makes it? Write yes or no.
7
PSA cube casts a shadow on a wall, with a light shining from the side. Is the shadow the same shape as the cube? Write yes or no.
8
PSAli says a shadow is the same colour as the object. Is Ali right? Write yes or no.
9
PSA triangle card makes a shadow on a wall. The shadow is a triangle. How many corners does the shadow have? Write the number.
10
RExplain why the edges of an object decide the shape of its shadow. Write one sentence.
11
RExplain why a shadow of a hand held in front of a torch looks like the hand, but darker. Write one sentence.
12
RChallenge: explain why the shadow of a flat card is not the same shape if the card is tilted. Write one sentence.
7.3

Shadow size and distance

Year 6
L4: use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain why shadows change size with distance from the light source
Video lesson: Shadow size and distanceComing soon
Story. Ruby moves a card closer to a torch. “The shadow is getting bigger!” she says. Tom measures each shadow and writes the results in a table. “When the card is nearer the torch, the shadow is bigger,” says Tom. “Let’s check the pattern.”

The size of a shadow depends on how far the object is from the light. The light travels in straight lines from the torch, past the edges of the object, and spreads out. When the object is nearer the light, the light spreads more, so the shadow is bigger.

When the object is further from the light, the shadow is smaller.

Tom measured the height of the shadow for four distances. The distances are from the torch to the card, in centimetres.

Distance from the torch (cm)Shadow height (cm)
2030
4015
6010
1205
0102030shadow height (cm)30 cm20 cm15 cm40 cm10 cm60 cm5 cm120 cmdistance from the torch
Bar chart of shadow height against distance: 30 cm at 20 cm, 15 cm at 40 cm, 10 cm at 60 cm and 5 cm at 120 cm.

Key ideas

  • A nearer object makes a bigger shadow.
  • A further object makes a smaller shadow.
  • The shape of the shadow stays the same as the object, but its size changes.
  • Light travels in straight lines, so the light spreads out and the shadow changes size.
Worked example 7.3.1
Look at the table in section 7.3. What is the shadow height when the card is 20 cm from the torch? Write the number of centimetres.

Method. Read the row for 20 cm.

  1. Find the row. The row for a distance of 20 cm gives a shadow height.
    20 cm
  2. Write the height. The shadow height is 30 cm.
    30 cm
  3. Write the answer.
    30 cm

Check. The nearest card made the biggest shadow. ✓

Worked example 7.3.2
When the card is moved from 40 cm to 60 cm, how much does the shadow height change? Write the number of centimetres.

Method. Subtract the two shadow heights.

  1. Read the heights. At 40 cm the shadow is 15 cm, and at 60 cm it is 10 cm.
    15 and 10
  2. Subtract. The change is 15 minus 10.
    15 - 10 = 5
  3. Write the answer.
    5 cm

Check. 10 + 5 = 15. ✓

Worked example 7.3.3
Which distance gives the smallest shadow? Write the distance in centimetres.

Method. Find the smallest shadow height.

  1. Read the heights. The smallest shadow is 5 cm.
    5 cm
  2. Write the distance. This shadow is at a distance of 120 cm.
    120 cm
  3. Write the answer.
    120 cm

Check. The furthest card made the smallest shadow. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: the shadow does not get smaller in the same way as the distance grows. Read the table carefully: the height changes faster when the card is near the torch.

Exam tip

Exam tip. Say that a nearer object makes a bigger shadow, and give a number from the table as evidence.

Try it (with your teacher, or a grown-up at home). With a grown-up, hold a card shape close to a wall and shine a torch on it. Move the card slowly away from the wall, then nearer, and note the size of the shadow. Do the test with the torch at the same distance from the wall each time, and keep the same card.

Exercise 7C  Shadow size and distance

1
FLook at the table in section 7.3. What is the shadow height at 60 cm? Write the number of centimetres.
2
FWhat is the shadow height at 40 cm? Write the number of centimetres.
3
FAt which distance is the shadow biggest? Write the distance in centimetres.
4
FAt which distance is the shadow smallest? Write the distance in centimetres.
5
FIs a shadow bigger when the object is nearer the light? Write yes or no.
6
FHow much taller is the shadow at 20 cm than at 40 cm? Write the number of centimetres.
7
FWhich shadow is 15 cm tall? Write the distance from the torch.
8
PSDoes the shape of the shadow change when the card is moved nearer the torch? Write yes or no.
9
PSAli says the shadow at 120 cm is bigger than the shadow at 20 cm. Is Ali right? Write yes or no.
10
PSA card at 60 cm casts a shadow of 10 cm. How many centimetres tall would its shadow be at 30 cm, if the pattern from the table keeps the same product? Write the number of centimetres.
11
RExplain why a shadow gets bigger when an object is moved nearer the torch. Write one sentence.
12
RTom says a shadow is bigger when the torch is further away. Is Tom right? Write yes or no.
13
RChallenge: explain how a fair test would find the shadow height at a distance of 80 cm. Write one thing to keep the same.
7.4

A pinhole and an upside-down image

Year 6
L1 and L4: light travels in straight lines, so a small hole forms an upside-down image on a screen
Video lesson: A pinhole and an upside-down imageComing soon
Story. Mo makes a simple pinhole box from a cardboard tube with a small hole in one end and a piece of tracing paper at the other. He points it at a tree outside a window, and sees an image on the paper. “It is upside down!” he says. Mrs Chen says, “Light from the top of the tree travels in a straight line to the bottom of the screen.”

A pinhole camera is a box with a very small hole in the front. Light from each point of an object travels in a straight line through the hole, and lands on the screen at the back.

So the image is upside down. This happens because light travels in straight lines.

objectimage (upside down)the box has a small hole in the front
A pinhole camera: light from the top and bottom of an upright object passes through a small hole, and forms an upside-down image on the screen.

Key ideas

  • A pinhole camera makes an image using straight lines of light.
  • Light from the top of an object lands at the bottom of the screen.
  • The image is upside down.
  • Never look at the Sun through a pinhole camera.
Worked example 7.4.1
In the pinhole picture in section 7.4, where does light from the top of the object land on the screen? Write the word: top or bottom.

Method. Follow the straight line.

  1. Follow the ray. The ray from the top of the object goes through the hole in a straight line.
    straight line
  2. Name the place. It lands at the bottom of the screen.
    bottom
  3. Write the answer.
    bottom

Check. The ray crosses at the hole. ✓

Worked example 7.4.2
Is the image on the screen upright or upside down? Write the words.

Method. Think about the rays.

  1. Think about the rays. Light from the top of the object lands low on the screen.
    lands low
  2. Write the answer. So the image is upside down.
    upside down
  3. Write the answer.
    upside down

Check. The image is upside down because light travels in straight lines. ✓

Worked example 7.4.3
Which part of the pinhole camera has the small hole? Write the word: box, screen or front.

Method. Look at the picture.

  1. Look at the picture. The small hole is in the front of the box.
    front
  2. Write the word. So the hole is in the front.
    front
  3. Write the answer.
    front

Check. Light enters the box through this hole. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a pinhole camera is never used to look at the Sun. The light from the Sun is very bright and can damage the eyes, even through a pinhole.

Exam tip

Exam tip. Describe a pinhole image with straight lines: the top of the object goes to the bottom of the screen, so the image is upside down.

Try it (with your teacher, or a grown-up at home). Make a simple pinhole viewer from a shoebox with a hole in one end. Look at a lit object indoors, such as a lamp, through a tracing paper screen at the other end. Never point the box at the Sun, and do not look through it at the Sun.

Exercise 7D  A pinhole and an upside-down image

1
FWhere does light from the bottom of an object land on the screen of a pinhole camera: the top or the bottom? Write the word.
2
FIs the image in a pinhole camera upright or upside down? Write the words.
3
FIn a pinhole camera, where is the small hole? Write the word: front or back.
4
FWhat is the name of the surface at the back of the pinhole camera, which shows the image? Write the word.
5
FDoes light from the top of an object travel in a straight line to the screen through the hole? Write yes or no.
6
PSRuby says the image in a pinhole camera is the right way up. Is Ruby right? Write yes or no.
7
PSIf a pinhole camera is pointed at a tree, which part of the tree's image is at the top of the screen? Write the word: top or bottom of the tree.
8
PSPriya says a pinhole camera makes an image because the light bends through the hole. Is Priya right? Write yes or no.
9
PSWorking scientifically. Predict what happens to the image if the hole is made bigger. Write one prediction.
10
RExplain why the image in a pinhole camera is upside down. Write one sentence.
11
RExplain why a pinhole camera works better with a small hole than with a large one. Write one sentence.
12
RChallenge: explain why a pinhole camera is a dangerous way to look at the Sun. Write one sentence.
7.5

Light, the Sun and safety

Year 6
L1: light appears to travel in straight lines, and safe use of light sources, including the Sun
Video lesson: Light, the Sun and safetyComing soon
Story. On a sunny day, Sam sees his shadow on the path. “Can I look at the Sun to see how bright it is?” he asks. Mr Patel says, “Never look at the Sun, even for a second. It can damage your eyes. Light is useful, but it must be used safely.”

The Sun is a very bright source of light. Looking at it can damage the eyes, even when it is covered by cloud or viewed through sunglasses. Looking at the Sun through binoculars, a telescope or a pinhole is also dangerous.

Torches and lamps must also be used safely. Never shine a torch into someone's eyes, and never point a bright light at a person's face.

never look at the Sun
A sun above a red-crossed eye: never look at the Sun.

The table lists the safety rules.

RuleWhy it matters
Never look at the Sunthe Sun can damage your eyes, even for a short time
Never look at the Sun through a telescope or a pinholethe light is concentrated and can cause serious harm
Keep a torch beam away from people's eyesa bright beam can hurt the eyes
Wear a hat and sunscreen in strong sunlightprotects skin and eyes from the Sun's rays
Sit in the shade in strong sunlightthe shade reduces the time you are in direct sunlight

Key ideas

  • Never look at the Sun, even with sunglasses or through a telescope or pinhole.
  • Never shine a torch into someone's eyes.
  • In strong sunlight, wear a hat and sunscreen, and sit in the shade.
  • Use light sources safely, with a grown-up.
Worked example 7.5.1
Look at the table in section 7.5. Is it safe to look at the Sun through binoculars? Write yes or no.

Method. Read the first rules.

  1. Read the rules. The table says never look at the Sun through binoculars, a telescope or a pinhole.
    never
  2. Decide. So it is not safe, and the answer is no.
    no
  3. Write the answer.
    no

Check. The Sun can damage the eyes through any of these. ✓

Worked example 7.5.2
Look at the table in section 7.5. Which rule protects the skin from strong sunlight? Write the words.

Method. Find the rule about skin.

  1. Read the rules. Wearing a hat and sunscreen protects the skin and eyes from the Sun's rays.
    sunscreen
  2. Write the words. So the rule is to wear a hat and sunscreen.
    hat and sunscreen
  3. Write the answer.
    wear a hat and sunscreen

Check. Sunscreen and a hat protect the skin in strong sunlight. ✓

Worked example 7.5.3
Is it safe to look at the Sun, if you wear sunglasses? Write yes or no.

Method. Check the rules.

  1. Read the rule. The rule says never look at the Sun, even with sunglasses on.
    even with sunglasses
  2. Decide. So it is not safe, and the answer is no.
    no
  3. Write the answer.
    no

Check. Sunglasses do not make the Sun safe to look at. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: sunglasses do not make it safe to look at the Sun. Cloud does not make it safe either, because the light can still damage the eyes.

Exam tip

Exam tip. When you write about the Sun, say never look at it, and give the reason: it can damage the eyes.

Try it (with your teacher, or a grown-up at home). With a grown-up, look at a shadow made by a torch on a wall, and talk about the rules for light. Do not look at the Sun. On a sunny day, go to the shade and check your shadow there. Wear a hat and sunscreen outside.

Exercise 7E  Light, the Sun and safety

1
FIs it safe to look directly at the Sun? Write yes or no.
2
FIs it safe to look at the Sun through a pinhole camera? Write yes or no.
3
FName one thing you should wear in strong sunlight to protect your skin. Write one word.
4
FShould a torch be shone into someone's eyes? Write yes or no.
5
FDoes wearing sunglasses make it safe to look at the Sun? Write yes or no.
6
FIn strong sunlight, which place is a good place to sit? Write one word.
7
PSAli says that looking at the Sun is safe when it is behind cloud. Is Ali right? Write yes or no.
8
PSPriya wants to shine a torch at a friend to see how far the beam goes. Is this safe? Write yes or no.
9
PSWrite one reason why the rule about never looking at the Sun is important. Write one sentence.
10
RExplain why light from the Sun can cause harm, even though we need it. Write one sentence.
11
RChallenge: explain why a shadow is a safe way to observe the Sun's position, but looking at the Sun itself is not. Write one sentence.

Chapter summary

SkillMethod
Straight linesLight appears to travel in straight lines. Holes in a line let light through; a block stops it.
ShadowsA shadow is made when an opaque object blocks light. It has the same shape as the object, on the side away from the light.
DistanceA nearer object gives a bigger shadow. A further object gives a smaller shadow.
Pinhole imagesLight from the top of an object crosses the hole and lands at the bottom of the screen, so the image is upside down.
SafetyNever look at the Sun, even with sunglasses or through a pinhole. Never shine a torch into people's eyes.

Can you…?

  • I can show that light appears to travel in straight lines, and use a ray to show it
  • I can explain why a shadow has the same shape as the object that casts it
  • I can explain why a nearer object makes a bigger shadow, using data from a table
  • I can explain why a pinhole camera makes an upside-down image
  • I can describe safe rules for light, and never look at the Sun

Key terms

ray
a straight line with an arrow that shows the direction of light
opaque
a material that light cannot pass through
transparent
a material that lets light pass through clearly
shadow
a dark shape made when an opaque object blocks light
light source
an object that gives out its own light, such as the Sun, a lamp or a torch
pinhole camera
a box with a very small hole in the front, which makes an upside-down image on a screen at the back
image
a picture of an object made by light, for example on a screen
distance
how far one thing is from another, measured in centimetres here

Exercise 7Z  Check-up

1
Does light appear to travel in a straight line? Write yes or no.
2
What is a straight line of light with an arrow called? Write the word.
3
Why is a shadow the same shape as the object that makes it? Write one word.
4
On which side of an object is its shadow: towards the light, or away from it? Write the words.
5
Look at the table in section 7.3. What is the shadow height at 20 cm? Write the number of centimetres.
6
Look at the table in section 7.3. Which distance gives a shadow of 5 cm? Write the distance in centimetres.
7
When an object is moved nearer the light, does its shadow get bigger or smaller? Write the word.
8
In a pinhole camera, is the image upside down or upright? Write the words.
9
Name the object that blocks light to make a shadow, and say whether it is opaque or transparent. Write one word: opaque or transparent.
10
Explain why it is not safe to look at the Sun, even through sunglasses. Write one sentence.

Total 16 marks. Allow about 16 minutes.

Exercise 7X  Practice test questions

1
FA card with a hole is placed between a torch and a wall. The light reaches the wall through the hole. Write one word that describes the path of the light.[1 mark]
2
RA torch shines on a card arrow, and the shadow on the wall is an arrow shape. Explain why the shadow has the same shape as the card. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
3
FThe table shows shadow heights: a card 20 cm from a torch casts a shadow of 30 cm; at 40 cm it casts 15 cm; at 60 cm it casts 10 cm; at 120 cm it casts 5 cm. Write the distance at which the shadow is 10 cm tall.[1 mark]
4
PSUsing the same table: the card moves from 20 cm to 120 cm from the torch. By how many centimetres does the shadow height fall? Write the number.[2 marks]
5
RExplain why a shadow gets bigger when the object is moved nearer the torch. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
6
FIn a pinhole camera, light from the top of a tree lands at which part of the screen? Write the word: top or bottom.[1 mark]
7
RExplain why the image in a pinhole camera is upside down. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
8
RA student says: “I can look at the Sun through a pinhole camera, because the hole makes it safe.” Explain why the student is not right. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
9
FWrite one safety rule for using a torch. Write one sentence.[1 mark]
10
PSRuby moves a card from 40 cm to 60 cm away from a torch, and says the shadow must be bigger. Is Ruby right? Write yes or no, and give the reason in one word.[2 marks]
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