Year 8 · Chapter 2
Analysing language, structure and effect across a text
By the end of this chapter you will be able to
- Identify a flashback, a frame and a return to the present in a whole text
- Explain how a cyclical ending links back to the opening
- Explain connotations of single words and phrases, and their effect
- Explain two meanings of an ambiguous phrase, and why the ambiguity matters
- Judge the effect of a technique and give a reason for the judgement
You should already know
- Language and structure in a short text (Year 7, Chapter 2 of this book)
- Explaining the effect of a word or phrase (Year 7, Chapter 2 of this book)
Where this leads
- Reading poetry: form, voice and sound across periods (Chapter 3 of this book)
- Reading non-fiction: reliability, rhetoric and synthesis (Chapter 5 of this book)
National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 3 English, Year 8. Content: Analyse how the structure of a whole text, including time shifts and a cyclical ending, shapes meaning (KS3 reading, R3), Analyse foreshadowing, contrast and viewpoint across a text (KS3 reading, R3), Explain connotation and ambiguity, and evaluate the effect of a writer's choices (KS3 reading, R4), Judge which technique has the most effect on the reader, and justify the judgement (KS3 reading, R4).
Exercise P Do you remember?
1
FWrite the word for a sentence that is a comparison using like or as. Write one word.
simile
Method. A comparison with like or as is a simile.
- Look for the comparison. Like or as joins two unlike things.like or as
- Name the device. A comparison using like or as is a simile.simile
- Write the answer. simile
Check. simile is the device. ✓
2
FWrite the word for the way a story can jump back to earlier events. Write one word.
flashback
Method. Going back in time is a flashback.
- Think about the time. The story moves back to an earlier time.an earlier time
- Name the word. A jump back to the past is a flashback.flashback
- Write the answer. flashback
Check. flashback is the word. ✓
3
FWhich word is a noun in the phrase the grey water? Write the word only.
water
Method. A noun names a thing.
- Look at the phrase. Grey describes the water.grey
- Find the noun. Water is the thing that is named.water
- Write the answer. water
Check. water is the noun. ✓
4
FWrite the word for a sudden, sharp feeling of fear. Write one word.
alarm
Method. A sudden fright is alarm.
- Think about the feeling. A sudden, sharp fear is a kind of fright.sudden, sharp fear
- Name the word. The word for a sudden fright is alarm.alarm
- Write the answer. alarm
Check. alarm is the word. ✓
5
FWrite the word for the last part of a story, which leaves the reader with a final image. Write one word.
ending
Method. The last part of a story is its ending.
- Think about the position. It comes at the close of the story.close of the story
- Name the part. The last part is the ending.ending
- Write the answer. ending
Check. ending is the part. ✓
2.1
Structure across a whole text
Video lesson: Structure across a whole textComing soon
Story. A boy misses a boat from a harbour, and his mind goes back to his grandmother. A writer may start at the end, then move back in time, then return. The order of the parts is part of the meaning.
Text: The harbour wall (original short story)
1The boat was already gone by the time Ellis reached the harbour wall. He stood there with his bag still over one shoulder, watching the grey water close over the place where it had been. Somebody behind him laughed, and the sound skipped across the stones like a dropped bucket.
2Three summers earlier, the same wall had been warm under their hands. Nan had sat there with her shoes beside her, telling him that the sea kept no secrets, only stories. 'Every boat that leaves comes back, one way or another,' she said. He had believed her then. He was not sure what he believed now.
3A gull landed on the rail of the empty mooring and stared at him. Ellis checked his phone. The ferry timetable had changed, and nobody had told him. He could wait for the afternoon crossing, or he could walk back to the cottage and tell his mother that he had missed it again.
4On the last morning, the fog had lifted early. Nan had pressed a folded map into his palm, its corners soft from handling, and had said nothing at all. The silence had been worse than any argument.
5Ellis unfolded the map. Someone had drawn a small red boat in the corner, and beside it, in careful pencil, were the words: Come back on the next tide. He folded it again and sat down on the wall. The tide, he knew, would turn within the hour, and the boats would come home as they always did.
Key ideas
- Structure is the order in which the parts of a text are arranged, including the time of each part.
- A flashback jumps back to an earlier time. A frame is an opening and closing set in the same time.
- A cyclical structure ends where it began, so the ending echoes the opening and gives a sense of return.
Worked example 2.1.1
Give the number of the paragraph that is set in the past, as shown by the words "Three summers earlier".
Method. Find the time words, then decide which time each paragraph is set in.
- Find the time words. Paragraph 2 begins with "Three summers earlier".Three summers earlier
- Name the time. That paragraph is set in the past.the past
- Choose the paragraph. Paragraph 2 is the past, so its number is 2.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. Paragraph 2 is the flashback. ✓
Worked example 2.1.2
What does the structure do at the start of the story? Choose one: It starts with the boat already gone, so the reader asks why., It starts with the grandmother's funeral. or It starts with a list of ferry times..
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Starting at the moment the boat has gone creates a question for the reader, which makes them read on.It starts with the boat already gone, so the reader asks why. fits
- Reject the other choices. The story does not describe a funeral or a list of ferry times, so those choices do not fit the text.It starts with the grandmother's funeral. and It starts with a list of ferry times. do not fit
- Write the answer. It starts with the boat already gone, so the reader asks why.
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
Worked example 2.1.3
How does the last line link to the first paragraph?
Method. Compare the first and last sentences.
- Read the opening. The first paragraph describes a boat that has gone.The boat was already gone
- Read the ending. The last sentence says the boats would come home.the boats would come home as they always did
- Compare them. The ending reverses the loss in the opening, so the structure is cyclical.it repeats the idea of the boat coming home
- Write the answer. it repeats the idea of the boat coming home
Check. The ending links back to the opening. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: a flashback is not the present. Check the time words, such as "earlier" or "last morning", before you name the time of a paragraph.
Exam tip
Exam tip. When you comment on structure, name the time shift, then say what it shows the reader.
Exercise 2A Practice: structure across a whole text
1
FCopy the words that show when the flashback about Nan begins.
Three summers earlier
Method. Search the text for the words the question asks for.
- Find the place in the text. Paragraph 2 begins with a time phrase that moves the reader back.Three summers earlier
- Copy the words exactly. Copy them with no changes, so that the words match the text.Three summers earlier
- Write the answer. Three summers earlier
Check. The words are copied exactly from the text. ✓
2
FWhich paragraph is set in the past about the last morning? Give its number.
4
Method. Look at where the time is, then at what the paragraph is about.
- Find the time. The paragraph describes the last morning, with the words "On the last morning".On the last morning, the fog had lifted early.
- Name the structure. The structure is shown by the time of the paragraph.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. The structural point matches the time shown. ✓
3
FWhich paragraph returns the reader to the present, with Ellis at the harbour wall? Give its number.
5
Method. Look at where the time is, then at what the paragraph is about.
- Find the time. The final paragraph is set in the present, as Ellis sits on the wall.sat down on the wall
- Name the structure. The structure is shown by the time of the paragraph.5
- Write the answer. 5
Check. The structural point matches the time shown. ✓
4
FWhich structure does the story use? Choose one: a frame that begins and ends in the present, with flashbacks in between, a list of facts in time order or a letter from the grandmother.
a frame that begins and ends in the present, with flashbacks in between
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The story begins with the boat gone, returns to the present in paragraph three, and ends at the wall.a frame that begins and ends in the present, with flashbacks in between fits
- Reject the other choices. A list of facts and a letter are not the structure of this text.a list of facts in time order and a letter from the grandmother do not fit
- Write the answer. a frame that begins and ends in the present, with flashbacks in between
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
5
PSWhat is the main effect of starting at the moment the boat has gone? Choose one: it makes the reader ask what happened, it gives the ferry times or it describes the weather in detail.
it makes the reader ask what happened
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Starting after the event creates a question that the story then answers through flashback.it makes the reader ask what happened fits
- Reject the other choices. The ferry times and weather are not the purpose of the opening.it gives the ferry times and it describes the weather in detail do not fit
- Write the answer. it makes the reader ask what happened
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
6
RExplain how the flashback in paragraph two helps the reader understand Ellis now.
Accept any answer that explains that the flashback gives the background to Ellis's present feelings, with a quotation such as "Every boat that leaves comes back". For example: it shows that Nan once promised that every boat comes back, so the reader sees why his hope now feels uncertain.
Method. Link the past to the present.
- Find the past promise. Nan says every boat comes back.Every boat that leaves comes back
- Link it to Ellis now. He is not sure what he believes now.He was not sure what he believed now.
- Write the answer. it shows that Nan once promised that every boat comes back, so the reader sees why his hope now feels uncertain.
Check. The flashback is linked to the present. ✓
7
FWhich paragraph contains a short sentence that sets a mood of waiting? Give its number.
3
Method. Look at where the time is, then at what the paragraph is about.
- Find the time. Paragraph 3 describes Ellis waiting for the afternoon crossing.He could wait for the afternoon crossing
- Name the structure. The structure is shown by the time of the paragraph.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. The structural point matches the time shown. ✓
8
PSWhich technique does the story use in paragraph three, where a gull stares at Ellis? Choose one: personification of the gull, as if it is judging him, a flashback to childhood or dialogue between two people.
personification of the gull, as if it is judging him
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The gull stares, which gives it a human action, and this suggests Ellis is being judged.personification of the gull, as if it is judging him fits
- Reject the other choices. The paragraph is in the present, and it contains no flashback or dialogue.a flashback to childhood and dialogue between two people do not fit
- Write the answer. personification of the gull, as if it is judging him
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
9
RWhy might the writer put the map at the end of the story, rather than at the start?
Accept any answer that says the map gives a final image of hope or return, and that placing it last ends the story on a hopeful note. For example: the map is the final image, so it lets the story end on hope and return, not on the loss of the boat.
Method. Think about what the last image leaves the reader with.
- Find the image. The map has a red boat and a message.Come back on the next tide
- Explain the choice. The final image ends the story with hope.the boats would come home
- Write the answer. the map is the final image, so it lets the story end on hope and return, not on the loss of the boat.
Check. The placement is explained. ✓
10
FWhich best describes a cyclical structure? Choose one: the story ends where it began, with a return, the story lists events in strict time order or the story has no ending.
the story ends where it began, with a return
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. A cyclical structure links the close to the start, giving a sense of return.the story ends where it began, with a return fits
- Reject the other choices. A strict list in time order is chronological, and a text with no ending is not cyclical.the story lists events in strict time order and the story has no ending do not fit
- Write the answer. the story ends where it began, with a return
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
11
FWhich paragraph describes the memory of the wall being warm? Give its number.
2
Method. Look at where the time is, then at what the paragraph is about.
- Find the time. Paragraph 2 contains memories of the warm wall and Nan.the same wall had been warm under their hands
- Name the structure. The structure is shown by the time of the paragraph.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. The structural point matches the time shown. ✓
12
RExplain how the use of present and past tenses helps the reader follow the structure.
Accept any answer that says the past tense shows memories and the present tense shows the harbour now, so the reader can follow the time shifts. For example: the past tense marks the memories, and the present tense keeps the reader at the harbour, so the reader can tell the two times apart.
Method. Look at the verbs in each paragraph.
- Look at the memory. The past tense is used for the memory of Nan.had been warm
- Look at the present. The present tense shows the harbour now.stared at him
- Write the answer. the past tense marks the memories, and the present tense keeps the reader at the harbour, so the reader can tell the two times apart.
Check. The tenses and the time shifts are explained. ✓
13
FIn which paragraph does the reader learn that the ferry timetable has changed? Choose one: paragraph 3, paragraph 1 or paragraph 5.
paragraph 3
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Paragraph 3 says the ferry timetable has changed and nobody had told him.paragraph 3 fits
- Reject the other choices. Paragraph 1 does not mention a timetable, and paragraph 5 is about the map.paragraph 1 and paragraph 5 do not fit
- Write the answer. paragraph 3
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
14
RChallenge: explain how the structure of the story turns the boat from a loss into a hope.
Accept any answer that explains that the structure moves from loss at the start to hope at the end, with a link between the opening and the ending. For example: the story starts with the boat gone, but the frame ends with the knowledge that the boats come home, so the loss is reframed as a return.
Method. Compare the first and last images of the boat.
- Find the loss. The boat was already gone.The boat was already gone
- Find the hope. The boats would come home.the boats would come home as they always did
- Write the answer. the story starts with the boat gone, but the frame ends with the knowledge that the boats come home, so the loss is reframed as a return.
Check. The turn from loss to hope is explained through structure. ✓
2.2
Connotation and word choice
Video lesson: Connotation and word choiceComing soon
Story. A reader notices that the writer chooses words with feelings attached to them. The literal meaning of a word is its dictionary sense. The connotation is the feeling or idea it suggests.
Writers choose words for connotations: a grey sea suggests a sad or cold mood, while a warm wall suggests comfort and memory.
Key ideas
- Denotation is the literal meaning. Connotation is the extra feeling or idea a word suggests.
- Connotations are often linked: grey, cold and close can all suggest loss or sadness.
- When you explain a connotation, say what the word suggests, then what effect that has on the reader.
Worked example 2.2.1
What does the phrase "grey water" suggest?
Method. Find the literal meaning, then the suggestion.
- Find the literal meaning. Grey is a colour of water on a dull day.grey
- Find the suggestion. Grey often suggests coldness and sadness.coldness and sadness
- Give the effect. The mood of loss is set at the start.a cold, sad or lifeless mood
- Write the answer. a cold, sad or lifeless mood
Check. The connotation of grey is explained. ✓
Worked example 2.2.2
Which word has the strongest connotation of comfort in the story? Choose one: warm, grey or fog.
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Warm connects to comfort and happy memories, as in "had been warm under their hands".warm fits
- Reject the other choices. Grey suggests coldness and fog suggests uncertainty, so neither gives comfort.grey and fog do not fit
- Write the answer. warm
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
Worked example 2.2.3
What does "soft from handling" suggest about the map?
Method. Read the literal words, then the feeling.
- Read the literal words. The map's corners are soft.soft
- Read the cause. The corners are soft because they have been handled.from handling
- Give the suggestion. The map has been held and loved many times.the map has been held and loved many times
- Write the answer. the map has been held and loved many times
Check. The suggestion is supported by the word. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: do not say a word has "a good connotation" alone. Say what it suggests, and why that matters to the reader.
Exam tip
Exam tip. Use a phrase such as "the word suggests ... and this makes the reader feel ..." to explain a connotation.
Exercise 2B Practice: connotation and word choice
1
FWhat is the literal meaning of "harbour" in the text? Write the meaning in your own words.
a sheltered place where boats are moored
Method. Use the context of boats and the wall.
- Read the context. Boats leave from the harbour wall.boat
- Give the meaning. The harbour is a sheltered place for boats.a sheltered place where boats are moored
- Write the answer. a sheltered place where boats are moored
Check. The literal meaning fits the text. ✓
2
PSWhat does the word "grey" in "grey water" suggest, beyond its colour? Explain in one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that grey suggests coldness, sadness or loss, or a close idea, and refers to "grey water". For example: coldness, sadness or loss, because "grey water" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.grey
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.coldness, sadness or loss
- Write the answer. coldness, sadness or loss, because "grey water" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
3
PSWhat does "skipped across the stones" suggest about the laugh? Explain in one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that skipped suggests a light, careless sound that does not care about Ellis, or a close idea, and refers to "skipped across the stones". For example: a light, careless sound that does not care about Ellis, because "skipped across the stones" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.skipped
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.a light, careless sound that does not care about Ellis
- Write the answer. a light, careless sound that does not care about Ellis, because "skipped across the stones" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
4
PSWhat does the word "closed" suggest in "the grey water close over"? Choose one: the water hides the boat, as if it is shutting it away, the water is shutting a door or the water is tired.
the water hides the boat, as if it is shutting it away
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Close over suggests covering and hiding, which fits the sea hiding the boat.the water hides the boat, as if it is shutting it away fits
- Reject the other choices. A door and tiredness do not match the image of the water covering the boat.the water is shutting a door and the water is tired do not fit
- Write the answer. the water hides the boat, as if it is shutting it away
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
5
FCopy the phrase that describes the sea as a place of stories, not secrets.
the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Method. Search the text for the words the question asks for.
- Find the place in the text. Nan's words describe the sea.the sea kept no secrets, only stories
- Copy the words exactly. Copy them with no changes, so that the words match the text.the sea kept no secrets, only stories
- Write the answer. the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Check. The words are copied exactly from the text. ✓
6
RWhat does "the silence had been worse than any argument" suggest about Nan and Ellis?
Accept any answer that explains that worse than any argument suggests that the lack of words hurt more than shouting, or a close idea, and refers to "The silence had been worse than any argument". For example: that the lack of words hurt more than shouting, because "The silence had been worse than any argument" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.worse than any argument
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.that the lack of words hurt more than shouting
- Write the answer. that the lack of words hurt more than shouting, because "The silence had been worse than any argument" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
7
PSWhich word has a connotation of hope in the final paragraph? Choose one: return, pencil or corner.
return
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Return suggests that something comes back, which is a sense of hope.return fits
- Reject the other choices. Pencil and corner are objects in the scene and do not suggest hope.pencil and corner do not fit
- Write the answer. return
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
8
PSWhat does the word "careful" suggest about the pencil writing on the map?
Accept any answer that explains that careful suggests that Nan wrote the message with care and love, or a close idea, and refers to "in careful pencil". For example: that Nan wrote the message with care and love, because "in careful pencil" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.careful
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.that Nan wrote the message with care and love
- Write the answer. that Nan wrote the message with care and love, because "in careful pencil" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
9
RExplain the connotations of "the sound skipped across the stones like a dropped bucket" in one or two sentences.
Accept any answer that explains that the sound is loud, careless or clumsy, and that this contrasts with Ellis's mood. For example: the laugh is harsh and clumsy, and it jars with Ellis's sadness, which makes the moment feel awkward.
Method. Look at the simile and the verb.
- Look at the verb. Skipped suggests a light, careless sound.skipped
- Look at the simile. A dropped bucket is loud and clumsy.like a dropped bucket
- Write the answer. the laugh is harsh and clumsy, and it jars with Ellis's sadness, which makes the moment feel awkward.
Check. The connotations are explained. ✓
10
RWhich phrase suggests that the sea is calm and safe? Choose one: the sea kept no secrets, only stories, the grey water or the fog had lifted.
the fog had lifted
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Lifted suggests the fog is clearing, so the sea feels safer and clearer.the fog had lifted fits
- Reject the other choices. Grey water and the sea keeping secrets suggest coldness or mystery, not calm safety.the sea kept no secrets, only stories and the grey water do not fit
- Write the answer. the fog had lifted
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
11
PSWhat does "the warm wall" suggest about the past? Explain in one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that warm suggests comfort, love and happy memories of Nan, or a close idea, and refers to "the same wall had been warm under their hands". For example: comfort, love and happy memories of Nan, because "the same wall had been warm under their hands" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.warm
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.comfort, love and happy memories of Nan
- Write the answer. comfort, love and happy memories of Nan, because "the same wall had been warm under their hands" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
12
PSChoose one word from paragraph one and explain its connotation.
Accept any answer that chooses a word from paragraph one, names a connotation such as coldness, sadness or loss, and explains the effect. For example: grey, which suggests coldness and sadness, so the reader feels the loss at once.
Method. Name the word, its connotation and its effect on the reader.
- Name the word. The word is grey.grey
- Name the connotation. Grey suggests coldness and loss.coldness and loss
- Name the effect. The reader feels the loss at once.loss
- Write the answer. grey, which suggests coldness and sadness, so the reader feels the loss at once.
Check. The word, connotation and effect are explained. ✓
13
RExplain why a writer might choose the word "dropped" rather than "thrown" for the bucket in the simile.
Accept any answer that explains that dropped suggests a clumsy or sudden sound, and that this fits the mood. For example: dropped suggests a sudden, clumsy sound, while thrown suggests force, so dropped fits the awkward laugh.
Method. Compare the two words and what each suggests.
- Compare the words. Dropped is accidental; thrown is deliberate.dropped
- Link to the mood. An accidental sound suits the awkward laugh.laugh
- Write the answer. dropped suggests a sudden, clumsy sound, while thrown suggests force, so dropped fits the awkward laugh.
Check. The choice of word is explained. ✓
14
RWhich word has the most sad connotation in the first paragraph? Choose one: watching, bag or shoulder.
watching
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Watching suggests a quiet, helpless observation of the sea, which fits a sad mood.watching fits
- Reject the other choices. Bag and shoulder are neutral objects, and they do not suggest sadness.bag and shoulder do not fit
- Write the answer. watching
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
15
RWhat does "the grey water close over the place where it had been" suggest about the boat?
Accept any answer that explains that close over suggests that the boat has disappeared completely, as if it has been lost, or a close idea, and refers to "close over the place where it had been". For example: that the boat has disappeared completely, as if it has been lost, because "close over the place where it had been" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.close over
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.that the boat has disappeared completely, as if it has been lost
- Write the answer. that the boat has disappeared completely, as if it has been lost, because "close over the place where it had been" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
16
RChallenge: explain how the connotations of cold, grey and warm build a contrast in the story.
Accept any answer that links grey or cold to the present and warm to the past, and explains the contrast with a quotation. For example: grey and cold suggest the present loss, while warm suggests the past happiness, so the contrast shows what Ellis has lost.
Method. Put the two sets of words side by side.
- Find the present. The grey water is in the present.grey water
- Find the past. The wall was warm in the past.had been warm under their hands
- Write the answer. grey and cold suggest the present loss, while warm suggests the past happiness, so the contrast shows what Ellis has lost.
Check. The contrast is built from connotations. ✓
2.3
Ambiguity and double meaning
Video lesson: Ambiguity and double meaningComing soon
Story. A phrase may have two possible meanings. The reader must decide which meaning fits the text, or hold both meanings at once. Ambiguity can make a text richer, and it can make it harder to pin down.
In the harbour story, two key phrases can be read in more than one way: "the sea kept no secrets, only stories" and "Come back on the next tide".
Key ideas
- Ambiguity is when a word or phrase can be understood in more than one way.
- A writer may use ambiguity to make the reader think, to hold two feelings together, or to hide a truth.
- When you explain an ambiguity, give both meanings, and say which one the text makes most likely, or why both matter.
Worked example 2.3.1
Give two meanings of "Come back on the next tide".
Method. Read the phrase, and think of both meanings.
- Read the literal meaning. Come back on the next tide means return when the tide turns.return when the tide turns
- Read the second meaning. It may also mean come back and make peace.make peace
- Give the two meanings. Both meanings fit the emotions of the text.return home, or come back to talk and make things right
- Write the answer. return home, or come back to talk and make things right
Check. Both meanings are given. ✓
Worked example 2.3.2
Which is an ambiguous phrase in the story? Choose one: the sea kept no secrets, only stories, the boat was already gone or the ferry timetable had changed.
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The phrase can mean that the sea has no secrets, or that the sea has stories that people tell, so it has two meanings.the sea kept no secrets, only stories fits
- Reject the other choices. The boat being gone and the timetable changing have one clear meaning each.the boat was already gone and the ferry timetable had changed do not fit
- Write the answer. the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
Worked example 2.3.3
What does the word "stories" add to the idea of the sea?
Method. Think about what stories are, and how they link to the sea.
- Find the word. Stories are told and shared.stories
- Link it to the sea. The sea holds memories of boats and people.memories
- Give the effect. The reader feels the sea holds memories.a sense that the sea holds memories that people share
- Write the answer. a sense that the sea holds memories that people share
Check. The effect of stories is explained. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: ambiguity is not a mistake. Do not say the writer was careless. Explain the two meanings, and why the writer might want both.
Exam tip
Exam tip. Use "this could mean ... or ..." to set out two meanings, then add the evidence that supports each.
Exercise 2C Practice: ambiguity and double meaning
1
FWhich phrase has a double meaning about what the sea does? Choose one: the sea kept no secrets, only stories, the water was grey or the wall was warm.
the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Kept no secrets can mean the sea is open, or that it keeps only stories, which gives two meanings.the sea kept no secrets, only stories fits
- Reject the other choices. Grey and warm each have one clear meaning in context.the water was grey and the wall was warm do not fit
- Write the answer. the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
2
FGive one meaning of "the sea kept no secrets" in your own words.
Accept any answer that gives a plausible meaning, such as the sea is open or honest, or that all its stories are known. For example: the sea hides nothing from people, so everything is visible.
Method. Read the phrase and say what it could mean.
- Read the phrase. It says the sea keeps no secrets.kept no secrets
- Give a meaning. The sea is open and honest.open and honest
- Write the answer. the sea hides nothing from people, so everything is visible.
Check. A meaning is given in the writer's own words. ✓
3
PSGive a second meaning of "only stories", in one sentence.
Accept any answer that gives a second meaning such as the sea holds memories, tales or legends of people and boats. For example: the sea holds tales of people and boats, which are shared and passed on.
Method. Think about what stories are.
- Think about stories. Stories are tales that people share.stories
- Link to the sea. The sea holds the tales of boats.boats
- Write the answer. the sea holds tales of people and boats, which are shared and passed on.
Check. A second meaning is given. ✓
4
PSWhich phrase has the most double meaning about returning? Choose one: Come back on the next tide, the boat was already gone or stood there.
Come back on the next tide
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. It can mean return by the next tide, or come back in the sense of making peace.Come back on the next tide fits
- Reject the other choices. The boat was already gone and stood there have only one meaning in context.the boat was already gone and stood there do not fit
- Write the answer. Come back on the next tide
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
5
RExplain why the double meaning of "Come back on the next tide" matters to the ending.
Accept any answer that explains that the two meanings give hope or a sense of reconciliation, and link to the ending. For example: the reader may read it as a promise of return, which gives hope, and as a note from Nan who wants to make peace.
Method. Link the meaning to Ellis's situation and the ending.
- Give the two meanings. It means return, and it may mean make peace.return
- Link to the ending. The boats come home, which gives hope.the boats would come home
- Write the answer. the reader may read it as a promise of return, which gives hope, and as a note from Nan who wants to make peace.
Check. The effect of the ambiguity is explained. ✓
6
PSWhich phrase in the story is most likely to be read as a fact, not an ambiguity? Choose one: The ferry timetable had changed., The sea kept no secrets. or Come back on the next tide..
The ferry timetable had changed.
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The timetable changing is a fact that has one clear meaning in the text.The ferry timetable had changed. fits
- Reject the other choices. The other two phrases have more than one possible meaning.The sea kept no secrets. and Come back on the next tide. do not fit
- Write the answer. The ferry timetable had changed.
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
7
RExplain why a writer might use ambiguity in an ending, rather than a clear statement.
Accept any answer that says ambiguity lets the reader hold more than one feeling or meaning, leaving the ending open. For example: an ambiguous ending lets the reader feel both hope and uncertainty, so the story stays open.
Method. Think about what the reader is left with.
- Think about the reader. The reader must decide what the ending means.the ending
- Think about feeling. Both hope and doubt can be felt at once.hope and doubt
- Write the answer. an ambiguous ending lets the reader feel both hope and uncertainty, so the story stays open.
Check. The reason is given. ✓
8
RWhat does "the silence had been worse than any argument" suggest about the silence? Choose one: it could mean that the silence was painful, or that the argument was never settled, it was an argument with no words or it was a long walk.
it could mean that the silence was painful, or that the argument was never settled
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The silence can mean two things: pain between them, or that the argument was left unresolved.it could mean that the silence was painful, or that the argument was never settled fits
- Reject the other choices. An argument with no words and a long walk do not fit the phrase.it was an argument with no words and it was a long walk do not fit
- Write the answer. it could mean that the silence was painful, or that the argument was never settled
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
9
RGive two possible meanings of "a small red boat" drawn on the map.
Accept any answer that gives two meanings, such as a symbol of hope and a hint of Ellis returning, and links to the text. For example: it could mean the boat is a gift that means hope, or it could mean that Nan imagines Ellis coming home on it.
Method. Think about what a boat means in the story.
- Find the boat. The boat is a symbol in the story.a small red boat
- Give two meanings. It may be hope, or a return.hope
- Write the answer. it could mean the boat is a gift that means hope, or it could mean that Nan imagines Ellis coming home on it.
Check. Two meanings are given. ✓
10
PSWhich word in "tell his mother that he had missed it again" is most ambiguous? Choose one: again, mother or tell.
again
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Again can mean he has missed the boat before, or that the pattern of missing things is repeated.again fits
- Reject the other choices. Mother and tell have a clear meaning in the context.mother and tell do not fit
- Write the answer. again
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
11
RChallenge: explain how ambiguity lets the ending be both sad and hopeful.
Accept any answer that explains that the loss and the promise of return are both present, and the ambiguity holds both feelings. For example: the boat is gone, which is sad, but the words on the map promise a return, which is hopeful, so the reader holds both feelings.
Method. Set the sad detail beside the hopeful one.
- Find the sad detail. The boat was already gone.The boat was already gone
- Find the hopeful detail. Come back on the next tide.Come back on the next tide
- Write the answer. the boat is gone, which is sad, but the words on the map promise a return, which is hopeful, so the reader holds both feelings.
Check. The ambiguity holds both feelings. ✓
12
RWhich phrase is the strongest example of ambiguity about the sea and memory? Choose one: the sea kept no secrets, only stories, the fog had lifted or the water was grey.
the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. It can mean the sea hides nothing, or that its stories are memories, so it holds two meanings.the sea kept no secrets, only stories fits
- Reject the other choices. The fog lifting and grey water are clear images with one meaning each.the fog had lifted and the water was grey do not fit
- Write the answer. the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
2.4
Judging the effect of a technique
Video lesson: Judging the effect of a techniqueComing soon
Story. A critic is asked which technique in a story has the greatest effect. The answer must be a judgement, with a reason based on the text. A judgement says what matters most, and why.
Good analysis weighs the choices: a strong image may matter more than a small detail, but a structural choice may matter more than an image.
Key ideas
- A judgement says which technique has most effect, and gives a reason.
- Compare two techniques, then decide which has more effect on the whole story.
- Support the judgement with a quotation, and explain how the quotation works on the reader.
Worked example 2.4.1
Judge which is more effective: the flashback, or the simile "like a dropped bucket". Give one reason.
Method. Compare the scale of effect: one changes the whole story, the other adds colour to a moment.
- Consider the flashback. It explains why Ellis feels sad now.explains why Ellis feels sad now
- Consider the simile. It adds a sharp image to one moment.one moment
- Judge. The flashback changes how the whole story is read, so it has more effect.the flashback
- Write the answer. the flashback
Check. The judgement is made and justified. ✓
Worked example 2.4.2
Which technique has the greatest effect on the story as a whole? Choose one: the cyclical structure, which ends where the story began, a single comparison in paragraph three or the colour of the map.
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. It shapes the whole text and the feeling of the ending, so it affects every reading.the cyclical structure, which ends where the story began fits
- Reject the other choices. A single comparison and the map colour affect only one moment or one object.a single comparison in paragraph three and the colour of the map do not fit
- Write the answer. the cyclical structure, which ends where the story began
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
Worked example 2.4.3
Give one reason why the ending is more effective than the opening.
Method. Think about what the reader feels at the end.
- Compare the endings. The opening is sad; the ending is hopeful.sad
- Give the effect. The reader leaves the story with hope.hope
- Write the answer. it leaves the reader with hope
Check. The reason is given. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: a judgement needs a reason. Do not say "this is best" without saying why it works on the reader.
Exam tip
Exam tip. Write "I judge that ... is more effective, because ..." then give evidence and explain the effect.
Exercise 2D Practice: judging the effect of a technique
1
FWhich technique has the greatest effect on the reader in the first paragraph? Choose one: the opening, which starts with the boat gone, a list of ferry times or the colour of the phone.
the opening, which starts with the boat gone
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Starting with the boat gone creates a question and sets the mood of loss at once.the opening, which starts with the boat gone fits
- Reject the other choices. A list of ferry times and a phone are not the main effect on the reader.a list of ferry times and the colour of the phone do not fit
- Write the answer. the opening, which starts with the boat gone
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
2
FName the technique in "the sound skipped across the stones like a dropped bucket".
Accept any answer that names simile or a close term, quotes "like a dropped bucket", and explains the effect (makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward). For example: simile in "like a dropped bucket", which makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward.
Method. Name the technique, quote it, then explain the effect on the reader.
- Name the technique. The writer uses simile.simile
- Quote the evidence. The quotation shows it.like a dropped bucket
- Explain the effect. It makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward.makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward
- Write the answer. simile in "like a dropped bucket", which makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward.
Check. The technique, the quotation and the effect are given. ✓
3
FName a technique in "the same wall had been warm under their hands", and say what effect it has.
Accept any answer that names imagery or a close term, quotes "the same wall had been warm under their hands", and explains the effect (gives a sense of comfort and memory). For example: imagery in "the same wall had been warm under their hands", which gives a sense of comfort and memory.
Method. Name the technique, quote it, then explain the effect on the reader.
- Name the technique. The writer uses imagery.imagery
- Quote the evidence. The quotation shows it.the same wall had been warm under their hands
- Explain the effect. It gives a sense of comfort and memory.gives a sense of comfort and memory
- Write the answer. imagery in "the same wall had been warm under their hands", which gives a sense of comfort and memory.
Check. The technique, the quotation and the effect are given. ✓
4
PSName the technique in "Every boat that leaves comes back, one way or another," and its effect.
Accept any answer that names foreshadowing or a close term, quotes "Every boat that leaves comes back", and explains the effect (hints that the boat will return, so the reader expects the ending). For example: foreshadowing in "Every boat that leaves comes back", which hints that the boat will return, so the reader expects the ending.
Method. Name the technique, quote it, then explain the effect on the reader.
- Name the technique. The writer uses foreshadowing.foreshadowing
- Quote the evidence. The quotation shows it.Every boat that leaves comes back
- Explain the effect. It hints that the boat will return, so the reader expects the ending.hints that the boat will return, so the reader expects the ending
- Write the answer. foreshadowing in "Every boat that leaves comes back", which hints that the boat will return, so the reader expects the ending.
Check. The technique, the quotation and the effect are given. ✓
5
RJudge whether the flashback or the final image has more effect on the reader. Give one reason.
Accept any answer that makes a clear judgement, gives a reason such as the final image ends with hope, and supports it with a quotation. For example: the final image, because it ends on the boats coming home, so the reader leaves with hope.
Method. Compare the last image with the flashback.
- Consider the flashback. It explains the past.Three summers earlier
- Consider the final image. It ends with hope.the boats would come home as they always did
- Write the answer. the final image, because it ends on the boats coming home, so the reader leaves with hope.
Check. The judgement is made with a reason. ✓
6
RWhich is a stronger reason for the ending's effect? Choose one: the boats would come home, which leaves hope, the map is folded or the pencil is careful.
the boats would come home, which leaves hope
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. It is the main idea that the ending gives, so it has the greatest effect.the boats would come home, which leaves hope fits
- Reject the other choices. Folded and careful describe the map, not the main idea of the ending.the map is folded and the pencil is careful do not fit
- Write the answer. the boats would come home, which leaves hope
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
7
PSName the technique in "The silence had been worse than any argument" and say what effect it has.
Accept any answer that names comparison or a close term, quotes "The silence had been worse than any argument", and explains the effect (shows that the silence hurt more than shouting). For example: comparison in "The silence had been worse than any argument", which shows that the silence hurt more than shouting.
Method. Name the technique, quote it, then explain the effect on the reader.
- Name the technique. The writer uses comparison.comparison
- Quote the evidence. The quotation shows it.The silence had been worse than any argument
- Explain the effect. It shows that the silence hurt more than shouting.shows that the silence hurt more than shouting
- Write the answer. comparison in "The silence had been worse than any argument", which shows that the silence hurt more than shouting.
Check. The technique, the quotation and the effect are given. ✓
8
RJudge whether the grey water or the warm wall has more effect on the reader's feelings. Give a reason.
Accept any answer that makes a clear judgement, and explains that the warm wall sets up a memory that makes the loss more powerful. For example: the warm wall, because it sets up a memory of comfort that makes the loss feel greater.
Method. Compare the present image with the past one.
- Find the grey water. It is an image of the present loss.grey water
- Find the warm wall. It is a memory of comfort.the same wall had been warm under their hands
- Write the answer. the warm wall, because it sets up a memory of comfort that makes the loss feel greater.
Check. The judgement is supported. ✓
9
RWhich technique has the most effect on the story's meaning? Choose one: the structure, which links the opening to the ending, a single colour or a single name.
the structure, which links the opening to the ending
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Structure shapes how the whole story is read, so it has the most effect on the meaning.the structure, which links the opening to the ending fits
- Reject the other choices. A single colour or name affects one detail only.a single colour and a single name do not fit
- Write the answer. the structure, which links the opening to the ending
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
10
RExplain why the writer might choose a simile for the laugh, rather than a plain description.
Accept any answer that says the simile adds a vivid image of an awkward sound that a plain description would not give. For example: a simile makes the sound vivid, so the reader hears it as clumsy and awkward.
Method. Think about the image a simile creates.
- Find the simile. Like a dropped bucket.like a dropped bucket
- Explain the image. The image makes the sound clumsy.clumsy
- Write the answer. a simile makes the sound vivid, so the reader hears it as clumsy and awkward.
Check. The reason is explained. ✓
11
RWhich judgement is best justified? Choose one: The cyclical ending is the most effective technique, because it links the story's close to its opening., The story is good. or The map is the best thing in the story..
The cyclical ending is the most effective technique, because it links the story's close to its opening.
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The judgement gives a technique and a reason that the text supports.The cyclical ending is the most effective technique, because it links the story's close to its opening. fits
- Reject the other choices. The other two judgements give no reason, or cannot be supported by the text.The story is good. and The map is the best thing in the story. do not fit
- Write the answer. The cyclical ending is the most effective technique, because it links the story's close to its opening.
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
12
RJudge the effect of the phrase "Come back on the next tide". Give one reason.
Accept any answer that makes a judgement, gives a reason such as hope or double meaning, and refers to the phrase. For example: it is the most effective final line, because it leaves a hopeful return and a double meaning.
Method. Say what the phrase does, then judge its effect.
- Find the phrase. It is on the map.Come back on the next tide
- Judge the effect. It gives hope and a double meaning.hope
- Write the answer. it is the most effective final line, because it leaves a hopeful return and a double meaning.
Check. The judgement is supported. ✓
13
RChallenge: judge which of the three techniques, flashback, cyclical ending or simile, has the most effect on the whole story. Give one reason.
Accept any answer that chooses one technique, gives a reason that relates to the whole story, and supports it with evidence. For example: the cyclical ending, because it links the opening and the close, so the story feels whole and hopeful.
Method. Compare the three choices on the whole text.
- Consider the flashback. It explains the past.Three summers earlier
- Consider the ending. The end links back to the start.the boats would come home as they always did
- Write the answer. the cyclical ending, because it links the opening and the close, so the story feels whole and hopeful.
Check. A judgement is made across the whole text. ✓
14
RWhich technique is most effective for a reader who wants to feel hope? Choose one: the final image of the boats coming home, the grey water or the ferry timetable.
the final image of the boats coming home
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The final image ends with hope, so it has the most effect on hope.the final image of the boats coming home fits
- Reject the other choices. Grey water suggests loss, and the timetable is a plain fact.the grey water and the ferry timetable do not fit
- Write the answer. the final image of the boats coming home
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
15
RChallenge: explain how the writer's choices make the reader feel the story is both sad and comforting.
Accept any answer that links the sad images to the loss, and the comforting images to the memory and the ending, with quotations. For example: the loss at the start is sad, but the warm memories and the final image of the boats coming home make it comforting.
Method. Compare the sad and comforting images.
- Find the sad image. The water closes over the boat.close over the place where it had been
- Find the comforting image. The boats come home.the boats would come home as they always did
- Write the answer. the loss at the start is sad, but the warm memories and the final image of the boats coming home make it comforting.
Check. Both feelings are explained with evidence. ✓
Chapter summary
| Skill | Method |
|---|
Can you…?
Key terms
Exercise 2Z Check-up
1
Which paragraph is set in the past, and begins with a time phrase? Give its number.
2
Method. Look at where the time is, then at what the paragraph is about.
- Find the time. Paragraph 2 begins with "Three summers earlier".Three summers earlier
- Name the structure. The structure is shown by the time of the paragraph.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. The structural point matches the time shown. ✓
2
Which technique describes the gull as if it is judging Ellis? Choose one: personification, simile or alliteration.
personification
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. A gull that stares is given a human action, which is personification.personification fits
- Reject the other choices. A simile uses like or as, and alliteration repeats sounds, so neither fits.simile and alliteration do not fit
- Write the answer. personification
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
3
What does "grey water" suggest? Explain in one sentence.
Accept any answer that explains that grey suggests coldness and loss, or a close idea, and refers to "grey water". For example: coldness and loss, because "grey water" suggests more than its literal sense.
Method. Look at the literal meaning, then the feeling or idea the word suggests.
- Find the literal meaning. The literal meaning is plain.grey
- Find the suggestion. The word suggests more than its plain meaning.coldness and loss
- Write the answer. coldness and loss, because "grey water" suggests more than its literal sense.
Check. The connotation is explained and supported. ✓
4
Which word has a connotation of comfort? Choose one: warm, grey or fog.
warm
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. Warm suggests comfort and happy memories.warm fits
- Reject the other choices. Grey suggests coldness and fog suggests uncertainty.grey and fog do not fit
- Write the answer. warm
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
5
Copy the phrase that says the sea has stories, not secrets.
the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Method. Search the text for the words the question asks for.
- Find the place in the text. Nan's words describe the sea.the sea kept no secrets, only stories
- Copy the words exactly. Copy them with no changes, so that the words match the text.the sea kept no secrets, only stories
- Write the answer. the sea kept no secrets, only stories
Check. The words are copied exactly from the text. ✓
6
Explain how the last paragraph links to the first.
Accept any answer that says the ending links to the opening through the boat, or the harbour, with a quotation. For example: the boat is gone at the start, and at the end the boats come home, so the story returns to the harbour.
Method. Compare the first and last images.
- Read the opening. The boat is gone.The boat was already gone
- Read the ending. The boats come home.the boats would come home
- Write the answer. the boat is gone at the start, and at the end the boats come home, so the story returns to the harbour.
Check. The link is explained. ✓
7
Which phrase is ambiguous? Choose one: Come back on the next tide, the ferry timetable had changed or the wall was warm.
Come back on the next tide
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. It can mean return, or make peace, so it has two meanings.Come back on the next tide fits
- Reject the other choices. The timetable and the wall have one clear meaning each.the ferry timetable had changed and the wall was warm do not fit
- Write the answer. Come back on the next tide
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
8
Name the technique in "like a dropped bucket" and say what effect it has.
Accept any answer that names simile or a close term, quotes "like a dropped bucket", and explains the effect (makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward). For example: simile in "like a dropped bucket", which makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward.
Method. Name the technique, quote it, then explain the effect on the reader.
- Name the technique. The writer uses simile.simile
- Quote the evidence. The quotation shows it.like a dropped bucket
- Explain the effect. It makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward.makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward
- Write the answer. simile in "like a dropped bucket", which makes the laugh sound clumsy and awkward.
Check. The technique, the quotation and the effect are given. ✓
9
Which structure does the story use? Choose one: a frame, with flashbacks between present scenes, a list of facts or a single letter.
a frame, with flashbacks between present scenes
Method. Test each choice against the sentence or the text.
- Read what the question asks for. Decide what the sentence or the text needs.
- Test the choice. The story starts and ends in the present, with flashbacks in between.a frame, with flashbacks between present scenes fits
- Reject the other choices. A list of facts and a single letter are not the structure of the story.a list of facts and a single letter do not fit
- Write the answer. a frame, with flashbacks between present scenes
Check. The choice fits the sentence or the text. ✓
10
Judge which is more effective, the flashback or the final image. Give one reason.
Accept any answer that makes a judgement with a reason, such as hope or closing the story, and supports it with a quotation. For example: the final image, because it leaves the reader with hope.
Method. Compare the two effects.
- Consider the image. The boats come home.the boats would come home
- Consider the flashback. It explains the past.Three summers earlier
- Write the answer. the final image, because it leaves the reader with hope.
Check. The judgement has a reason. ✓
Total 22 marks. Allow about 22 minutes.
Exercise 2X Practice test questions
1
RIn the story, the first paragraph says "The boat was already gone". Explain what this opening does for the reader, in one or two sentences.[2 marks]
Accept any answer that says the opening creates a question or a mood of loss for the reader. For example: It starts after the boat has gone, so the reader wonders what happened and feels the loss at once.
Method. Name the effect of starting after the event.
- Read the opening. The boat is already gone.The boat was already gone
- Explain the effect. The reader wonders what happened.wonders what happened
- Write the answer. It starts after the boat has gone, so the reader wonders what happened and feels the loss at once.
Check. The effect is explained. ✓
2
FCopy the phrase from the story that describes the water closing over the boat. Write the phrase only.[1 mark]
close over the place where it had been
Method. Find the phrase about the water and the boat.
- Find the phrase. The water closes over the place where the boat was.close over
- Copy it exactly. Copy the words with no change.close over the place where it had been
- Write the answer. close over the place where it had been
Check. The phrase is copied exactly. ✓
3
RName the technique in the phrase "the sound skipped across the stones like a dropped bucket", and explain its effect in one sentence.[2 marks]
Accept any answer that names a simile, or a comparison, and explains that it makes the laugh sound clumsy or awkward. For example: It is a simile that makes the laugh sound loud and clumsy, which jars with Ellis's sadness.
Method. Name the technique, then explain its effect.
- Name the technique. It uses like, so it is a simile.simile
- Explain the effect. The laugh sounds loud and clumsy.loud and clumsy
- Write the answer. It is a simile that makes the laugh sound loud and clumsy, which jars with Ellis's sadness.
Check. The technique and effect are given. ✓
4
RIn the phrase "Come back on the next tide", give two meanings the words could have.[2 marks]
Accept any two meanings, such as return home when the tide turns, and come back to make peace. For example: It means return when the tide turns, or come back and make things right.
Method. Give two readings of the phrase.
- Read the literal meaning. It means return when the tide turns.return when the tide turns
- Read the second meaning. It may mean come back and make things right.make things right
- Write the answer. It means return when the tide turns, or come back and make things right.
Check. Two meanings are given. ✓
5
RExplain how the structure of a story can link its ending back to its beginning. Use one example from a story in your answer.[3 marks]
Accept any answer that describes a cyclical structure, and gives an example of an opening image that returns at the end. For example: A boat is gone at the start, and at the end the boats come home, so the ending returns to the harbour.
Method. Explain the cyclical link, then give an example.
- Define the structure. A cyclical structure ends where it began.ends where it began
- Give an example. The boat is gone at the start and the boats come home at the end.the boats come home
- Explain the effect. It gives a sense of return.sense of return
- Write the answer. A boat is gone at the start, and at the end the boats come home, so the ending returns to the harbour.
Check. The cyclical link is explained with an example. ✓
6
RExplain the connotations of the phrase "the same wall had been warm under their hands", in one or two sentences.[2 marks]
Accept any answer that explains warmth as comfort, love or happy memories, and links it to the past. For example: Warm suggests comfort and affection, so it shows the happy memory of Nan and Ellis together.
Method. Explain the connotation of warm.
- Read the word. Warm has a connotation of comfort.warm
- Link to the past. It shows a happy memory of Nan and Ellis.happy memory
- Write the answer. Warm suggests comfort and affection, so it shows the happy memory of Nan and Ellis together.
Check. The connotation is explained. ✓
7
RJudge whether the grey water or the warm wall has more effect on the reader's feelings. Give one reason.[3 marks]
Accept any judgement that gives a reason, and refers to the quotations. For example: The warm wall has more effect, because it sets up a memory of comfort that makes the loss feel greater.
Method. Judge, then give a reason based on the text.
- Make the judgement. The warm wall has more effect on feeling.warm wall
- Give the reason. It sets up a memory that makes the loss feel greater.makes the loss feel greater
- Write the answer. The warm wall has more effect, because it sets up a memory of comfort that makes the loss feel greater.
Check. The judgement has a reason. ✓
8
RExplain in one sentence why a writer might choose ambiguity, using the phrase "the sea kept no secrets, only stories".[2 marks]
Accept any answer that gives a reason, such as the phrase holds two meanings, which lets the reader think or feel more than one thing. For example: The phrase can mean the sea is open, or that it holds stories, so the reader holds both ideas at once.
Method. Give the two meanings, then the reason.
- Give the meanings. The sea is open, or the sea holds stories.open
- Give the reason. The reader holds both ideas at once.both ideas
- Write the answer. The phrase can mean the sea is open, or that it holds stories, so the reader holds both ideas at once.
Check. The reason is given. ✓
9
RWrite one sentence that judges which is more effective: the ending or the opening of a story, and gives one reason.[2 marks]
Accept any sentence that makes a judgement and gives a reason based on the story's effect on the reader. For example: The ending is more effective, because it leaves the reader with hope.
Method. Make the judgement, then give the reason.
- Make the judgement. The ending is more effective.ending
- Give the reason. It leaves the reader with hope.hope
- Write the answer. The ending is more effective, because it leaves the reader with hope.
Check. The judgement has a reason. ✓
10
PSName the time shift in paragraph four of the story, and say what it shows about the past. Use the phrase "On the last morning" in your answer.[3 marks]
Accept any answer that names the flashback to the last morning, and says it shows the parting or the silence between Nan and Ellis. For example: It is a flashback to the last morning, which shows the silence between Nan and Ellis before she gave him the map.
Method. Name the time shift, then explain what it shows.
- Name the shift. The paragraph goes back to the last morning.the last morning
- Explain what it shows. It shows the silence between Nan and Ellis.the silence
- Link to the map. The silence comes before she gave him the map.before the map
- Write the answer. It is a flashback to the last morning, which shows the silence between Nan and Ellis before she gave him the map.
Check. The time shift and its meaning are given. ✓