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Primary Science · Year 5Chapter 3 · Reproduction in plants and animals
Year 5 · Chapter 3

Reproduction in plants and animals

By the end of this chapter you will be able to

  • Explain that reproduction is how living things make new living things of the same kind
  • Describe how pollen, pollination and fertilisation lead to seeds, and how seeds are spread
  • Describe how some plants can reproduce without seeds, by runners, plantlets or tubers
  • Describe how the young of animals begin, by fertilisation of an egg
  • Explain why many plants and animals produce many seeds or young

You should already know

  • The parts of a flowering plant, and the life cycle of a flowering plant, including pollination and seed dispersal (Year 3 Science, Chapters 2 and 4)
  • Life cycles of a mammal, an amphibian, an insect and a bird (Year 5 Science, Chapter 2)

Where this leads

  • Growing up to old age in humans (Year 5 Science, Chapter 4)
  • Properties and uses of materials (Year 5 Science, Chapter 5)

National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 2 science, Year 5. Content: LH2 describe the life process of reproduction in some plants and animals.

Exercise P  Do you remember?

1
FWhich part of a flower makes pollen? Write the word.
2
FWhich part of a flower holds the ovules? Write the word.
3
FA dandelion seed is spread by the wind. Write the word for how the seed is moved: wind or water.
4
FWhat do we call the young plant that grows from a seed? Write the word.
5
FWhich animal group has a moist skin, and lays its eggs in water? Write the word.
3.1

What reproduction means

Year 5
LH2: describe the life process of reproduction in some plants and animals
Video lesson: What reproduction meansComing soon
Story. Aisha finds a strawberry plant in her garden sending out long, thin stems with small new plants at the ends. “Is that a new plant?” she asks. Her grandma says: “Yes, the parent plant has made a copy of itself. That is reproduction.”

Reproduction is the life process by which living things make new living things of their own kind. It is one of the seven life processes, and it keeps a type of plant or animal going from one generation to the next.

Some plants reproduce with seeds, which are made in flowers. Other plants can make new plants without seeds, by sending out runners, plantlets or tubers.

parent plantnew plantrunner
A strawberry parent plant sends out a runner, which roots and grows a new plant.
PlantThe part that grows into a new plant
strawberrya runner, which takes root and grows a new plant
spider planta small plantlet on the end of a long stem
potatoa tuber, which is planted to grow a new plant

Key ideas

  • Reproduction is how living things make new living things of their own kind.
  • Some plants reproduce with seeds, which are made in flowers.
  • Some plants can make new plants without seeds, from runners, plantlets or tubers.
  • The new plant is a copy of its parent.
Worked example 3.1.1
Which plant makes new plants from long runners that root at their ends? Write the name of the plant.

Method. Read the table in section 3.1.

  1. Find the runner. The table says that a strawberry sends out a runner, which takes root.
    runner
  2. Name the plant. The plant that sends out runners is the strawberry.
    strawberry
  3. Write the answer.
    strawberry

Check. The runner takes root and grows a new plant. ✓

Worked example 3.1.2
A spider plant makes small plantlets on long stems. Does it need seeds to make new plants? Write yes or no.

Method. Read the row for the spider plant.

  1. Read the row. The spider plant makes a small plantlet on the end of a long stem.
    plantlet
  2. Decide. It makes new plants without seeds, so the answer is no.
    no
  3. Write the answer.
    no

Check. Plantlets grow into new plants without seeds. ✓

Worked example 3.1.3
Potatoes grow new plants from tubers. Write the word that means the part that is planted to grow a new potato plant.

Method. Read the row for the potato.

  1. Read the row. The potato row says a tuber is planted to grow a new plant.
    tuber
  2. Name the part. The part that is planted is the tuber.
    tuber
  3. Write the answer.
    tuber

Check. A tuber is a swollen underground stem store. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a runner, a plantlet and a tuber can make a new plant without any seeds. Do not say that all plants need seeds to reproduce.

Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). Look at a strawberry plant in a garden or a pot, with a grown-up. If it has runners, follow one to the end and see if a small new plant is growing there. Draw the parent plant and the new plant, and label each one. Wash your hands afterwards.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Where does the new plant come from? Is it the same kind of plant as the parent?” Let your child say the word reproduction.

Exercise 3A  What reproduction means

1
FWhat is the life process by which living things make new living things of their own kind? Write the word.
2
FWhich kind of plant sends out runners that root and grow new plants? Write the name.
3
FWhat does a potato plant grow from, when a new potato plant is started? Write the word.
4
FFill in the gap: a new plant made from a runner is a ___ of its parent. Write one word.
5
FDoes a spider plant need seeds to make a new plant? Write yes or no.
6
PSTrue or false: a plant can only reproduce by making seeds. Write true or false.
7
PSHow many ways of making new plants without seeds are listed in the table in section 3.1? Write the number.
8
PSWorking scientifically. Predict and check. Priya says a strawberry plant can make a new plant from a runner, even when there are no flowers. Is she right? Write yes or no.
9
FLook at the runner picture in section 3.1. Which part of the picture is the new plant? Write the words.
parent plantnew plantrunner
10
RExplain why a new plant made from a runner is like its parent. Write one sentence.
3.2

Flowers, pollination and seeds

Year 5
LH2: how flowering plants reproduce with seeds, including pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal (a short recap of Year 3)
Video lesson: Flowers, pollination and seedsComing soon
Story. Ruby sees a bee move from flower to flower in the school garden. “It is carrying something on its legs,” she says. Her teacher says: “That is pollen. It helps the flower to make seeds.”

The male part of a flower is the stamen. It makes pollen. The female part is the carpel, which holds the ovules.

Pollination is when pollen moves from a stamen to the stigma of another flower. Insects and the wind can carry pollen. After pollination, a pollen grain joins with an ovule. This is fertilisation, and the ovule grows into a seed.

Seeds are then spread away from the parent plant, which is called seed dispersal. The table gives examples.

stamen: makes pollencarpel: holds ovules(the female part)ovules become seedspetals: attract insects
A flower cut in half, showing petals, a stamen that makes pollen, and a carpel with ovules.
stamenstigmapollen moves from one flower to anotherseed forms
Pollen moves from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of another. A seed then forms.
FeatureInsect-pollinated flowerWind-pollinated flower
Petalslarge and brightsmall or none
Scentoften has a scentno scent
Nectarmakes sweet nectarno nectar
Pollensticky, heavy pollenlight, dry pollen that blows
Examplebluebell, buttercupgrass, hazel catkins
PlantHow the seed is spread
dandelionwind carries its fluffy seeds
coconutwater carries it along
burdock (burr)hooks stick to the fur of animals
pea podthe pod splits and throws the seeds away

Key ideas

  • The stamen makes pollen. The carpel holds the ovules.
  • Pollination is when pollen moves to the stigma of another flower.
  • Fertilisation happens when a pollen grain joins with an ovule, which then grows into a seed.
  • Seeds are spread by wind, water, animals, or by the pod splitting open.
Worked example 3.2.1
Which part of the flower makes pollen? Write the word.

Method. Find the part that makes pollen.

  1. Look at the flower. The stamen has an anther that makes pollen.
    anther
  2. Name the part. The part that makes pollen is the stamen.
    stamen
  3. Write the answer.
    stamen

Check. The stamen is the male part of the flower. ✓

Worked example 3.2.2
A dandelion seed is carried by the wind. Which kind of dispersal is this? Write the word.

Method. Read the dispersal table.

  1. Read the row for the dandelion. The dandelion row says wind carries its fluffy seeds.
    wind carries
  2. Name the kind of dispersal. So the seed is dispersed by wind.
    wind
  3. Write the answer.
    wind

Check. The seed has a parachute of fine hairs. ✓

Worked example 3.2.3
Look at the pollination table. Which flower is pollinated by wind, and has small petals or none? Write the example.

Method. Find the row about the example.

  1. Find the example row. The example row says bluebell, buttercup for insects, and grass, hazel catkins for wind.
    grass, hazel catkins
  2. Read the wind column. In the wind-pollinated column the example is grass and hazel catkins.
    grass, hazel catkins
  3. Write the answer.
    grass, hazel catkins

Check. Wind-pollinated flowers often have small or no petals. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: the pollen is not the seed. Pollination moves pollen to a flower, and fertilisation is what makes a seed grow from an ovule.

Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). With a grown-up, look at flowers in the school garden. Do not pick any flowers, and never eat them. Watch a bee or a fly visit a flower, and draw the flower. Label the petals, and say whether the flower looks like an insect-pollinated flower or a wind-pollinated flower.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Which part makes the pollen? Which part holds the ovules? Where does the seed come from?” Let your child name each part on the picture.

Exercise 3B  Flowers, pollination and seeds

1
FWhich part of a flower makes pollen? Write the word.
2
FWhich part of a flower holds the ovules? Write the word.
3
FWhat is the name for pollen moving from one flower to another? Write the word.
4
FWhat do we call a pollen grain joining with an ovule? Write the word.
5
FWhat does an ovule grow into, after fertilisation? Write the word.
6
FFill in the gap: the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant is called seed ___. Write one word.
7
FLook at the dispersal table in section 3.2. How is the coconut seed spread? Write the word: wind, water or animals.
8
FLook at the dispersal table in section 3.2. Which seed is spread by hooks that stick to the fur of animals? Write the name.
9
PSLook at the pollination table in section 3.2. Which flowers have large, bright petals and a scent? Write the word: insect or wind.
10
PSLook at the pollination table in section 3.2. Which kind of flower has light, dry pollen that blows in the wind? Write the word: insect or wind.
11
PSLook at the flower picture in section 3.2. Which part holds the ovules? Write the word.
stamen: makes pollencarpel: holds ovules(the female part)ovules become seedspetals: attract insects
12
RExplain why a flower needs pollination before it can make seeds. Write one sentence.
3.3

Reproduction in animals

Year 5
LH2: how some animals reproduce, including fertilisation of an egg and the young developing
Video lesson: Reproduction in animalsComing soon
Story. Mia watches a frog lay spawn in a school pond, and a male frog wrapping himself around a female. “Did he do something to the eggs?” she asks. Her teacher says: “He releases sperm over them, and that joins with each egg.”

Many animals reproduce by sexual reproduction. A male and a female are needed. The male makes sperm and the female makes eggs. When a sperm joins with an egg, this is fertilisation. The fertilised egg then develops into a new young animal.

In a frog, the eggs are fertilised outside the female, in water, as the male releases sperm over the spawn. In a blackbird, the egg is fertilised inside the female, and the egg is laid with a hard shell. In a cat, the young develop inside the mother.

eggspermfertilised egg
An egg and a sperm join, making one fertilised egg, which can develop into a new young animal.
AnimalWhere the young start
frogeggs laid in water, as spawn
blackbirdeggs laid in a nest
catyoung develop inside the mother
butterflyeggs laid on a leaf

Key ideas

  • Sexual reproduction needs a male and a female.
  • The male makes sperm, and the female makes eggs.
  • Fertilisation is when a sperm joins with an egg.
  • The fertilised egg develops into a new young animal.
Worked example 3.3.1
In which animal do the young develop inside the mother? Write the word.

Method. Read the table in section 3.3.

  1. Read the table. The table says the cat’s young develop inside the mother.
    inside the mother
  2. Name the animal. So the animal is the cat.
    cat
  3. Write the answer.
    cat

Check. A mammal’s young develop inside the mother. ✓

Worked example 3.3.2
What does a male make that joins with an egg? Write the word.

Method. Read the key idea in section 3.3.

  1. Read the key idea. The male makes sperm, and the female makes eggs.
    male makes sperm
  2. Name it. So the male makes sperm.
    sperm
  3. Write the answer.
    sperm

Check. Sperm and egg join in fertilisation. ✓

Worked example 3.3.3
Is the frog’s egg fertilised inside the female frog? Write yes or no.

Method. Read the description of the frog.

  1. Read the description. In a frog, the eggs are fertilised outside the female, in water.
    outside the female
  2. Decide. So the answer is no.
    no
  3. Write the answer.
    no

Check. The male releases sperm over the spawn in water. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: sperm and eggs are not the young animal. Fertilisation makes one fertilised egg, which then develops into a young animal.

Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). Look at pictures of animal parents and their young, in a book or on a poster. For each animal, write whether the young develop inside the parent, or start as an egg outside it. Draw one arrow from each parent to its young, and label it. This is a model, so do not touch any real animals.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Where is the egg fertilised? Where do the young develop?” Keep to the animals in the chapter, and let your child answer in their own words.

Exercise 3C  Reproduction in animals

1
FWhich animal lays eggs in water, as spawn? Write the name.
2
FWhich animal has young that develop inside the mother? Write the name.
3
FWhat does a male animal make, which joins with an egg? Write the word.
4
FWhat is the name for a sperm joining with an egg? Write the word.
5
FFill in the gap: sexual reproduction needs a male and a ___. Write one word.
6
FIs a blackbird’s egg fertilised inside the female bird? Write yes or no.
7
FIs a frog’s egg fertilised inside the female frog? Write yes or no.
8
PSLook at the animal table in section 3.3. Which two animals have young that start inside the parent? Write the two names.
9
PSLook at the animal table in section 3.3. Which two animals lay their eggs outside the parent? Write the two names.
10
PSWorking scientifically. Draw a model. Draw a labelled diagram that shows a sperm joining with an egg. Write the word for the cell that is formed.
11
RExplain why a sperm must join with an egg before a young animal can develop. Write one sentence.
3.4

Many young and many seeds

Year 5
LH2: why many plants and animals produce many seeds or young, and comparing reproduction in plants and animals
Video lesson: Many young and many seedsComing soon
Story. Tom counts the seeds on a dandelion seed head in the park. “There are nearly a hundred,” he says. “Not all of them will grow into a plant. Why does it make so many?” Mr Patel says: “Many seeds means more chances that some will survive.”

Many plants make a lot of seeds, and many animals make a lot of eggs or young. Not all of them will survive. Some will be eaten, some will land where they cannot grow, and some will not find enough food or water.

By making many seeds or young, a plant or animal increases the chance that some of them will survive to reproduce. Plants and animals both reproduce in this way.

The table in the class investigation shows the counts of seeds on five dandelion seed heads. Each head is one trial.

Seed headSeeds counted
Head 194
Head 2102
Head 388
Head 4110
Head 596
winddandelion seed head
A dandelion seed head with a parachute of fine hairs, and an arrow showing the wind carrying the seeds.

Key ideas

  • Many plants make many seeds, and many animals make many eggs or young.
  • Not all seeds or young survive, so making many gives a better chance that some will.
  • Seeds can be carried far from the parent plant by the wind, water or animals.
  • The mean of several trials is found by adding them and dividing by how many there are.
Worked example 3.4.1
Look at the seed table in section 3.4. How many seeds were counted on head 4? Write the number.

Method. Find the row for head 4.

  1. Find the row. Head 4 is the fourth row in the table.
    head 4
  2. Read the count. The count on head 4 is 110 seeds.
    110
  3. Write the answer.
    110

Check. The count for head 4 is the largest in the table. ✓

Worked example 3.4.2
Work out the mean number of seeds on the five seed heads. Write the number.

Method. Add the five counts, then divide by five.

  1. Add the counts. The five counts add together to make 490.
    94 + 102 + 88 + 110 + 96 = 490
  2. Divide by five. Divide 490 by 5 to find the mean.
    490 divided by 5 is 98
  3. Write the answer.
    98

Check. Check: 98 + 98 + 98 + 98 + 98 = 490. ✓

Watch out. Divide by five, because there are five seed heads.

Worked example 3.4.3
Which seed head had the fewest seeds? Write the number of seeds on it.

Method. Find the smallest count.

  1. Look at the counts. The counts are 94, 102, 88, 110 and 96.
    88 is smallest
  2. Name the count. The smallest count is 88, on head 3.
    88
  3. Write the answer.
    88

Check. The mean is 98, and 88 is below it. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a plant that makes many seeds does not guarantee that all of them will grow. Many seeds give a better chance, but not a certain one.

Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). With a grown-up, find a dandelion seed head in a garden or a park, but only pick one if it is on the ground. Count the seeds on it. Then gently blow on it, away from your face, and watch which way the seeds go. Repeat with a second seed head, and find the mean of your two counts.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “Why do you think the plant makes so many seeds? Where did each seed go?” Let your child find the mean of two counts.

Exercise 3D  Many young and many seeds

1
FLook at the seed table in section 3.4. How many seeds were counted on head 2? Write the number.
2
FLook at the seed table in section 3.4. Which seed head had the most seeds? Write the head name.
3
FLook at the seed table in section 3.4. What is the total number of seeds counted on all five heads? Write the number.
4
FWork out the mean number of seeds on the five seed heads in section 3.4. Write the number.
5
PSWhich two heads have counts that are both above the mean of 98? Write the two heads.
6
PSLook at the seed table in section 3.4. What is the difference between the largest and the smallest count? Write the number.
7
FFill in the gap: many seeds means a better ___ that some will survive. Write one word.
8
PSIs it true that every seed grows into a new plant? Write yes or no.
9
RWorking scientifically. Explain a pattern. Why do many plants and animals make many seeds or young? Write one sentence.
10
RExplain why a dandelion seed is carried far from the parent by the wind. Write one sentence.
3.5

Comparing reproduction in plants and animals

Year 5
LH2: compare the life processes of reproduction in plants and animals
Video lesson: Comparing reproduction in plants and animalsComing soon
Story. Priya makes a poster that compares a plant and an animal. “Both of them reproduce,” she says. “But one uses seeds, and the other uses eggs or young.” Her teacher asks: “Can you find one thing that is the same?”

Plants and animals both reproduce. Both produce new living things of their own kind. Some plants make seeds, and some animals make eggs. Some plants can also make new plants without seeds, by runners, plantlets and tubers.

Comparing them helps us see what is the same and what is different:

winddandelion seed head
A dandelion seed head, with the wind carrying the seeds away.

Key ideas

  • Plants and animals both reproduce to make new living things of their own kind.
  • A flowering plant makes seeds. An animal makes eggs or young.
  • Fertilisation is needed to make a seed or a fertilised egg.
  • Many plants and animals produce many seeds or young, so that some will survive.
Worked example 3.5.1
Which of these is made by fertilisation in a flowering plant: a seed, or a runner? Write the word.

Method. Think about what fertilisation makes.

  1. Think about fertilisation. Fertilisation makes the ovule grow into a seed.
    grow into a seed
  2. Name it. So the answer is seed.
    seed
  3. Write the answer.
    seed

Check. A runner is made without seeds, so it is not made by fertilisation. ✓

Worked example 3.5.2
A strawberry plant makes a new plant from a runner. Is the new plant a copy of its parent? Write yes or no.

Method. Think about how the new plant is made.

  1. Think about the runner. The new plant grows from part of the parent, without seeds.
    grows from the parent
  2. Decide. So the new plant is a copy of its parent.
    yes
  3. Write the answer.
    yes

Check. Runners give plants with the same features. ✓

Worked example 3.5.3
A frog and a cat both reproduce. Which of them has young that develop inside the mother? Write the name.

Method. Read the animal table in section 3.3.

  1. Read the table. The cat’s young develop inside the mother.
    inside the mother
  2. Name the animal. So the answer is cat.
    cat
  3. Write the answer.
    cat

Check. A frog lays its eggs in water. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: a runner is not a seed. A new plant from a runner is made without seeds, and it is a copy of its parent.

Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). Make a two-column table with your teacher. In one column write what a plant does to reproduce, and in the other what an animal does. Find one thing that is the same, and one thing that is different. Read your table aloud to a friend.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask: “What is the same about plants and animals when they reproduce? What is different?” Let your child explain using the table.

Exercise 3E  Comparing reproduction in plants and animals

1
FWhat do plants and animals both do to make new living things? Write the word.
2
FWhat does a flowering plant make after fertilisation? Write the word.
3
FWhat does an animal make, which develops into a young animal? Write the word.
4
FIs a runner made by fertilisation? Write yes or no.
5
FIs a new plant from a runner a copy of its parent? Write yes or no.
6
FLook at the seed table in section 3.4. Write the word that means the average of the five counts.
7
PSWhich two groups in section 3.3 lay their eggs outside the parent? Write the names of the two animals.
8
PSWorking scientifically. Compare plants and animals. Write one thing that is the same about how plants and animals reproduce.
9
PSWrite one thing that is different about how plants and animals reproduce.
10
RExplain how a runner and a seed are different ways for a plant to make a new plant. Write one sentence.

Chapter summary

SkillMethod
ReproductionLiving things make new living things of their own kind.
Flowers and seedsPollen moves to a stigma; fertilisation joins a pollen grain with an ovule, which grows into a seed.
Seed dispersalSeeds are spread by wind, water, animals or by pods splitting open.
Without seedsRunners, plantlets and tubers can make new plants that are copies of the parent.
AnimalsA sperm joins with an egg in fertilisation. The fertilised egg develops into a young animal.
Many youngMany seeds or young give a better chance that some will survive.

Can you…?

  • I can explain what reproduction means, and give examples of plants that reproduce without seeds
  • I can describe pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal in a flowering plant
  • I can describe how a sperm and an egg join, and how the young of some animals develop
  • I can explain why many plants and animals make many seeds or young
  • I can compare how plants and animals reproduce, using a table

Key terms

reproduction
the life process by which living things make new living things of their own kind
pollination
when pollen moves from a stamen to the stigma of a flower
fertilisation
when a pollen grain or a sperm joins with an ovule or an egg
seed dispersal
the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant
runner
a stem that grows along the ground and roots to make a new plant
plantlet
a small new plant that grows on the end of a stem
tuber
a swollen underground part of a plant, which can grow a new plant
sperm
the male cell that joins with an egg
ovule
the part inside the ovary that becomes a seed after fertilisation
sexual reproduction
reproduction that needs a male and a female, and joins a sperm with an egg

Exercise 3Z  Check-up

1
Which part of the flower holds the ovules? Write the word.
stamen: makes pollencarpel: holds ovules(the female part)ovules become seedspetals: attract insects
2
What is the name for pollen moving from one flower to another? Write the word.
stamenstigmapollen moves from one flower to anotherseed forms
3
A strawberry plant sends out a runner. Does the new plant need seeds? Write yes or no.
4
Write the word for the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant.
5
Look at the dispersal table in section 3.2. How is the dandelion seed spread? Write the word: wind, water or animals.
6
In which animal do the young develop inside the mother? Write the name.
7
Look at the fertilisation picture. What is the name of the cell formed when a sperm joins with an egg? Write the words.
eggspermfertilised egg
8
Work out the mean of 94, 102, 88, 110 and 96 seed counts. Write the number.
9
Explain why many plants and animals make many seeds or young. Write one sentence.
10
Explain why a flowering plant needs pollination before it can make seeds. Write one sentence.

Total 16 marks. Allow about 16 minutes.

Exercise 3X  Practice test questions

1
FWrite the word for the process by which living things make new living things of their own kind.[1 mark]
2
FWhich part of a flower makes pollen? Write the word.[1 mark]
3
FWrite the word for a seed that is spread by animals’ fur, such as a burr.[1 mark]
4
FWhat do we call a sperm joining with an egg? Write the word.[1 mark]
5
FThe table shows the seeds counted on five dandelion seed heads. How many seeds were counted on head 3? Write the number.
Seed headSeeds counted
Head 194
Head 2102
Head 388
Head 4110
Head 596
[1 mark]
6
FLook at the seed table in section 3.4. Work out the mean number of seeds on the five heads. Write the number.[2 marks]
7
RA runner grows a new strawberry plant. Is the new plant a copy of its parent? Write yes or no, and give one reason.[2 marks]
8
RDescribe one difference between how a flowering plant reproduces and how a frog reproduces. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
9
RExplain why a plant or an animal makes many seeds or young. Write one sentence.[2 marks]
10
RA frog lays its eggs in water, but a cat’s young develop inside the mother. Explain one way these two animals reproduce differently. Write one sentence.[3 marks]
← Chapter 2: Life cycles of animalsChapter 4: Growing up to old age →

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