Life cycles of animals
By the end of this chapter you will be able to
- Explain what a life cycle is, and name the stages in order
- Describe the life cycle of a mammal, and say how its young are fed
- Describe the life cycle of an amphibian, including the tadpole stage
- Describe the life cycle of an insect, including the caterpillar and the chrysalis
- Describe the life cycle of a bird, and compare the four life cycles
You should already know
- Animal groups, and features of fish, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles (Year 3 and Year 4 Science)
- The life cycle of a flowering plant (Year 3 Science, Chapter 4)
Where this leads
- Reproduction in plants and animals (Year 5 Science, Chapter 3)
- Growing up to old age in humans (Year 5 Science, Chapter 4)
National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 2 science, Year 5. Content: LH1 describe the differences in the life cycles of a mammal, an amphibian, an insect and a bird.
Exercise P Do you remember?
Method. Think about the step before seeds form.
- Read the idea. Pollen moves from one flower to another in pollination.pollen moves
- Name it. The word for this transfer is pollination.pollination
- Write the answer. pollination
Check. Pollination comes before seeds are formed. ✓
Method. Think about the young of a cat.
- Think about the cat. A cat has young, and a baby cat is called a kitten.baby cat
- Name it. The word is kitten.kitten
- Write the answer. kitten
Check. A kitten grows into an adult cat. ✓
Method. Think about the young stage of a frog.
- Think about the frog. A young frog that lives in water, with a tail and no legs, is called a tadpole.tail
- Name it. The word is tadpole.tadpole
- Write the answer. tadpole
Check. Tadpoles change into frogs over time. ✓
Method. Think about the part that holds the plant up.
- Think about the plant. The stem holds the plant up and carries water to the leaves.holds the plant up
- Name it. The part is the stem.stem
- Write the answer. stem
Check. The stem carries water from the roots. ✓
Method. Think about the animal group.
- Think about the features. Feathers and a beak are features of birds.feathers and a beak
- Name the group. The animal group is birds.bird
- Write the answer. bird
Check. Birds lay eggs with hard shells. ✓
What is a life cycle?
A life cycle is the series of stages that a living thing goes through. It starts as a young animal, grows into an adult, and can have young of its own. The cycle then goes round again.
The four groups in this chapter start life in different ways. A mammal is usually born alive and fed on milk. An amphibian usually starts as an egg in water. An insect starts as an egg and changes its shape. A bird starts as an egg with a hard shell.
| Group | Example | How the young start | Where the young develop | What the young need first |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mammal | cat | born alive (most mammals) | inside the mother, then fed on milk | milk from the mother |
| Amphibian | frog | eggs laid in water, as spawn | in water, as tadpoles | water to breathe through gills |
| Insect | butterfly | eggs laid on a leaf | as a caterpillar, which eats leaves | leaves to eat |
| Bird | blackbird | eggs with hard shells, in a nest | in the egg, then fed by its parents | warmth and food from its parents |
Key ideas
- A life cycle is the series of stages a living thing goes through, from young to adult, and round again.
- Mammals are usually born alive, and fed on milk.
- Amphibians, insects and birds usually start life as eggs, but in different ways.
- Most mammals give birth to live young. Not every animal lays eggs.
Method. Read the column about how the young start.
- Find the column. The column How the young start tells us how each group begins life.How the young start
- Find the row with spawn. The amphibian row says eggs laid in water, as spawn.in water, as spawn
- Write the answer. amphibian
Check. A frog is an amphibian, and its spawn is laid in water. ✓
Method. Read the row for each group.
- Compare the rows. The row for the insect says eggs laid on a leaf.eggs laid on a leaf
- Name the group. The insect is the group that starts life as an egg laid on a leaf.insect
- Write the answer. insect
Check. A butterfly lays its eggs on a leaf. ✓
Method. Think about how mammals begin life.
- Think about the young. Most mammals give birth to live young, and feed them on milk.born alive, fed on milk
- Name the group. The group that does this is the mammal group.mammal
- Write the answer. mammal
Check. A cat feeds its kittens on milk. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: not every animal hatches from an egg. Most mammals give birth to live young. Do not say that all animals lay eggs.
Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). Look at pictures of four animals in a library book, or on a poster, with your teacher. Write each animal’s name in a table. Then write what its young look like when they are born or hatched. Which animals start life as eggs?
Exam tip
Grown-up tip. Ask: “How does this animal start its life? What does it need when it is young?” Let your child use the words life cycle and stage.
Exercise 2A What is a life cycle?
Method. Read the definition in section 2.1.
- Read the definition. A life cycle is the series of stages a living thing goes through.series of stages
- Name it. The series of stages is called a life cycle.life cycle
- Write the answer. life cycle
Check. A life cycle goes round again. ✓
Method. Think about how each group begins life.
- Think about the groups. Most mammals give birth to live young.born alive
- Choose the group. So the answer is mammal.mammal
- Write the answer. mammal
Check. Most mammals give birth to live young. ✓
Method. Think about where the eggs are laid.
- Think about the water. Frog eggs are laid in water, as spawn.in water
- Choose the group. Frogs are amphibians, so the answer is amphibian.amphibian
- Write the answer. amphibian
Check. Frogs are amphibians. ✓
Method. Think about the eggs and the nest.
- Think about the eggs. Blackbirds lay eggs with hard shells in a nest.hard shells
- Choose the group. So the answer is bird.bird
- Write the answer. bird
Check. A blackbird is a bird. ✓
Method. Think about the legs of each group.
- Think about the legs. Insects have six legs.six legs
- Choose the group. So the answer is insect.insect
- Write the answer. insect
Check. Butterflies are insects, and they have six legs. ✓
Method. Count the stages in the bird picture.
- Count the stages. The bird picture shows egg, chick, young bird and adult bird.four stages
- Write the number. So there are four stages.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Each stage is one picture in the cycle. ✓
Method. Read the bar for the mammal.
- Read the bar. The mammal bar is the shortest, at 3 stages.3 stages
- Write the number. So the mammal life cycle shows 3 stages.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. The other bars show 4 stages each, except the mammal. ✓
Method. Count the bars that reach 4.
- Read the bars. The amphibian, insect and bird bars each show 4 stages.three bars
- Count them. So three groups show 4 stages.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Only the mammal bar shows fewer stages. ✓
Method. Think about the mammal group.
- Think about mammals. Most mammals give birth to live young, so they do not lay eggs.live young
- Decide. So Priya is not right.no
- Write the answer. no
Check. Not every animal hatches from an egg. ✓
Method. Think about the young of a butterfly.
- Think about the young. The young of a butterfly eats leaves, and it looks very different from the adult.eats leaves
- Name it. The word is caterpillar.caterpillar
- Write the answer. caterpillar
Check. The caterpillar changes shape to become an adult butterfly. ✓
Method. Look at the four groups.
- Read the description. Eggs with hard shells, laid in a nest, are the bird group.hard shells
- Name the group. So the answer is bird.bird
- Write the answer. bird
Check. Birds’ young are fed by their parents. ✓
Method. Think about what happens after the last stage.
- Think about the last stage. The adult has young of its own.has young
- Write the reason. The young grow into adults, so the stages start again.start again
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says the adults have young, which grow into adults, so the stages go round again.
Check. The cycle goes round because each generation starts again. ✓
Life cycle of a mammal
A cat is a mammal. Mammals have hair or fur, and most mammals give birth to live young. The young develop inside the mother, and they are fed on milk from the mother after they are born.
The young grow and learn, and become adults. Adults can have young of their own, and the life cycle goes round again.
Key ideas
- Most mammals give birth to live young.
- Mammals feed their young on milk.
- Mammals have hair or fur.
- The young grow into adults, which can have young of their own.
Method. Read the pictures in order.
- Read the first stage. The first stage is the baby, which is born alive.baby
- Read the next stage. The young cat comes after the baby.young cat comes next
- Write the answer. baby
Check. The baby is the stage before the young cat. ✓
Method. Check the features of a mammal.
- Check the features. A cat has fur, and it feeds its young on milk.fur and milk
- Decide. Because it has fur and feeds its young on milk, a cat is a mammal.yes
- Write the answer. yes
Check. A cat has fur and feeds its young on milk. ✓
Method. Think about how a mammal begins life.
- Think about the baby. A baby cat is born alive, so it does not hatch from an egg.born alive
- Decide. So Tom is not right.no
- Write the answer. no
Check. Most mammals give birth to live young. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: a mammal’s young are born alive and fed on milk. They do not hatch from eggs, as the young of a bird do.
Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). Look at a photograph of a cat, a dog or a rabbit with its young, in a book or on a grown-up’s phone. Count the stages you can see: a baby, a young animal, and an adult. Write one sentence about how the young are fed.
Exam tip
Grown-up tip. Ask: “How does a mammal begin its life? What do its young drink?” Let your child explain the stages in order.
Exercise 2B Life cycle of a mammal
Method. Think about how a cat begins life.
- Think about the kitten. A kitten is born, and it is not in an egg.born
- Choose the answer. So kittens are born alive.alive
- Write the answer. alive
Check. Most mammals give birth to live young. ✓
Method. Think about how mammals feed their young.
- Think about the mother. A mammal mother feeds her young from her body.feeds from her body
- Name the food. The food is milk.milk
- Write the answer. milk
Check. Mammal young are fed on milk. ✓
Method. Read the features of a mammal.
- Read the features. Mammals have hair or fur on their bodies.hair or fur
- Fill the gap. So the missing word is fur.fur
- Write the answer. fur
Check. Accept hair as well, because a mammal has hair or fur. ✓
Method. Count the pictures in the mammal cycle.
- Count the pictures. The pictures show a baby, a young cat and an adult cat.three pictures
- Write the number. So there are three stages.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Each stage is one picture. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the stages. The stages in order are baby, young cat, and adult cat.adult cat last
- Name the last stage. The last stage is the adult.adult
- Write the answer. adult
Check. The adult can have young of its own. ✓
Method. Read the features of mammals.
- Read the features. Most mammals give birth to live young.give birth
- Fill the gap. So the missing word is live.live
- Write the answer. live
Check. A mammal’s young are born, not hatched. ✓
Method. Think about how mammals begin life.
- Think about hatching. Most mammals give birth to live young, rather than hatching from eggs.live young
- Decide. So the statement is false.false
- Write the answer. false
Check. Hatching from an egg is the way birds and many insects begin life. ✓
Method. Think about the order of growing up.
- Think about growing up. A baby is born first, then it becomes a young animal, then an adult.born first
- Write the first word. The first word is baby.baby
- Write the answer. baby
Check. The order is baby, young, then adult. ✓
Method. Think about how a cat begins life.
- Think about the kittens. Kittens are born alive, they do not hatch.born alive
- Decide. So Tom is not right.no
- Write the answer. no
Check. Cats are mammals, so their young are born alive. ✓
Method. Compare how each animal begins life.
- Think about the mammal. A mammal’s young are born alive and fed on milk.born alive
- Think about the bird. A bird’s young hatch from an egg with a hard shell.hatch from an egg
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says a mammal’s young are born alive and fed on milk, while a bird’s young hatch from an egg.
Check. Mammals and birds begin life in different ways. ✓
Method. Think about what a young mammal needs.
- Think about the young. A young mammal cannot find all its food yet.cannot find food
- Write the reason. So the mother must feed and protect it while it grows.feed and protect
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says the young need milk, warmth and protection to grow.
Check. Young mammals depend on their mothers for milk. ✓
Life cycle of an amphibian
A frog is an amphibian. Many amphibians start life as eggs laid in water. Frog eggs are laid together, as spawn.
The egg hatches into a tadpole. A tadpole has a tail, and no legs. It breathes through gills, and it lives in water.
Over time, the tadpole grows legs and develops lungs for breathing air. It becomes a froglet, and then an adult frog. An adult frog can live on land and in water.
Key ideas
- Frogs lay their eggs in water, as spawn.
- A tadpole breathes through gills, and has a tail but no legs.
- A froglet grows legs and lungs, and then becomes an adult frog.
- An adult frog can live on land and in water.
Method. Read the pictures in order.
- Read the first stage. The first stage is the egg, in spawn.egg
- Read the next stage. The egg hatches into a tadpole.tadpole
- Write the answer. tadpole
Check. A tadpole hatches from the egg. ✓
Method. Read the description of the tadpole.
- Read the description. The tadpole breathes through gills, and lives in water.gills
- Name the breathing organ. So the answer is gills.gills
- Write the answer. gills
Check. The gills take oxygen from the water. ✓
Method. Read the stages in section 2.3.
- Find the stage with legs. The froglet grows legs and lungs as it becomes an adult.legs and lungs
- Name the stage. So the answer is froglet.froglet
- Write the answer. froglet
Check. A froglet is a young frog that is nearly ready to live on land. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: the tadpole is not a small adult frog. It has a tail and gills, and it does not have legs at first.
Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). With your teacher, look at frog spawn or tadpoles in a school pond or a clear tub of pond water. Draw one tadpole, with its tail and gills if you can see them. Never take spawn from the wild. Wash your hands after touching pond water, and return any animals to the water.
Exam tip
Grown-up tip. Ask: “What is the stage before the frog? How does a tadpole breathe?” Keep children well away from deep water.
Exercise 2C Life cycle of an amphibian
Method. Think about where frogs live when they are young.
- Think about the spawn. Frog spawn is laid in water.in water
- Choose the word. So the answer is water.water
- Write the answer. water
Check. The eggs need water to develop. ✓
Method. Read section 2.3.
- Read the text. Frog eggs are laid together, as spawn.as spawn
- Name it. The name is spawn.spawn
- Write the answer. spawn
Check. Spawn is a clump of eggs. ✓
Method. Read the description of the stages.
- Read the description. The tadpole breathes through gills.gills
- Name the stage. So the stage is the tadpole.tadpole
- Write the answer. tadpole
Check. Gills are used for breathing in water. ✓
Method. Read the description of the tadpole.
- Read the description. A tadpole breathes through gills.through gills
- Name the organ. So the answer is gills.gills
- Write the answer. gills
Check. A froglet later develops lungs. ✓
Method. Read the description of the stages.
- Read the description. The stage that grows legs and lungs is the froglet.legs and lungs
- Name the stage. So the answer is froglet.froglet
- Write the answer. froglet
Check. A froglet is the young frog between the tadpole and the adult. ✓
Method. Count the pictures in the frog cycle.
- Count the pictures. The pictures show egg, tadpole, froglet and adult frog.four pictures
- Write the number. So there are four stages.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Each stage is one picture in the cycle. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the stages. The order is egg, tadpole, froglet, adult frog.tadpole, froglet
- Name the next stage. The stage after the tadpole is the froglet.froglet
- Write the answer. froglet
Check. A tadpole changes into a froglet over time. ✓
Method. Think about where a tadpole lives.
- Think about the tadpole. A tadpole lives in water, and breathes through gills.lives in water
- Decide. So a tadpole needs water.yes
- Write the answer. yes
Check. Gills only work in water. ✓
Method. Read the description of the adult frog.
- Read the description. An adult frog can live on land and in water.land and water
- Decide. So the statement is true.true
- Write the answer. true
Check. This is why frogs are called amphibians. ✓
Method. Compare a tadpole with an adult frog.
- Compare them. A tadpole has a tail and gills, and no legs. An adult frog has legs and lungs.tail and gills
- Decide. So Ruby is not right.no
- Write the answer. no
Check. A tadpole looks very different from an adult. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the first stage. The first stage of the frog life cycle is the egg, in spawn.egg
- Name it. So the first stage is the egg.egg
- Write the answer. egg
Check. Every frog starts life as an egg. ✓
Method. Think about what the eggs and tadpoles need.
- Think about the eggs. The eggs and tadpoles need their own water and plants to live.their own water
- Write the reason. Moving them can harm the young frogs.harm
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says the spawn needs its own pond to develop, and moving it can harm the young frogs.
Check. Wild animals should be left where they live. ✓
Life cycle of an insect
A butterfly is an insect. Insects have six legs, and their bodies have three main parts.
A butterfly lays its eggs on a leaf. The egg hatches into a caterpillar, which eats leaves and grows. The caterpillar then forms a chrysalis, a case where it rests and changes shape. The adult butterfly comes out of the chrysalis.
The adult looks very different from the caterpillar. The change of shape is called metamorphosis.
Key ideas
- Insects have six legs and three main body parts.
- A butterfly lays its eggs on a leaf.
- The caterpillar eats leaves and grows.
- In the chrysalis the caterpillar changes shape, and an adult butterfly comes out.
Method. Read the pictures in order.
- Read the stages. The stages are egg, caterpillar, chrysalis and adult butterfly.caterpillar, chrysalis
- Name the next stage. The stage after the caterpillar is the chrysalis.chrysalis
- Write the answer. chrysalis
Check. In the chrysalis the caterpillar changes shape. ✓
Method. Think about the features of insects.
- Think about the features. Insects have six legs.six legs
- Write the number. So the answer is six.6
- Write the answer. 6
Check. Spiders have eight legs, so they are not insects. ✓
Method. Read the description of the life cycle.
- Read the description. A butterfly lays its eggs on a leaf.on a leaf
- Decide. So the answer is yes.yes
- Write the answer. yes
Check. The caterpillar hatches on the leaf, and eats it. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: a caterpillar is not a different kind of animal from the butterfly. It is the young stage of the same butterfly, and it changes shape.
Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). With your teacher, look for a caterpillar or a chrysalis on a plant in the school garden. Do not pick it up. Draw the leaf and the caterpillar, and write one thing you notice. Wash your hands after you go outside.
Exam tip
Grown-up tip. Ask: “What does the caterpillar eat? What happens in the chrysalis?” Let your child count the legs on a picture of an insect.
Exercise 2D Life cycle of an insect
Method. Read the description in section 2.4.
- Read the description. A butterfly lays its eggs on a leaf.on a leaf
- Choose the word. So the answer is leaf.leaf
- Write the answer. leaf
Check. The caterpillar eats the leaf when it hatches. ✓
Method. Read the description of the caterpillar.
- Read the description. The caterpillar eats leaves and grows.eats leaves
- Name the food. So the answer is leaves.leaves
- Write the answer. leaves
Check. The caterpillar grows by eating. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the description. In the case, the caterpillar rests and changes shape.rests and changes
- Name the stage. The stage is called the chrysalis.chrysalis
- Write the answer. chrysalis
Check. The chrysalis is the stage between caterpillar and adult. ✓
Method. Read the features of insects.
- Read the features. Insects have six legs.six legs
- Write the number. So the answer is six.6
- Write the answer. 6
Check. Insects have three pairs of legs. ✓
Method. Read the features of insects.
- Read the features. Insects have three main body parts.three main parts
- Write the number. So the answer is three.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. The three parts are the head, the thorax and the abdomen. ✓
Method. Count the pictures in the butterfly cycle.
- Count the pictures. The pictures show egg, caterpillar, chrysalis and adult butterfly.four pictures
- Write the number. So there are four stages.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Each stage is one picture. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the last stage. The last stage in the cycle is the adult butterfly.last stage
- Write the answer. So the adult is the adult butterfly.adult butterfly
- Write the answer. adult butterfly
Check. The adult butterfly can lay eggs. ✓
Method. Compare the caterpillar with the adult.
- Compare them. The caterpillar has a soft, long body and eats leaves. The adult has wings and a different shape.different
- Decide. So the adult does not look like the caterpillar.no
- Write the answer. no
Check. The change of shape is called metamorphosis. ✓
Method. Count the legs and the body parts.
- Count the legs. A spider has eight legs, and insects have six.eight legs
- Decide. So a spider is not an insect, and Ruby is not right.no
- Write the answer. no
Check. Spiders are not insects. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the stages. The order is egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, adult butterfly.egg first
- Name the stage. So the stage before the caterpillar is the egg.egg
- Write the answer. egg
Check. The caterpillar hatches from the egg. ✓
Method. Think about the young of a butterfly.
- Think about the young. The young of a butterfly eats leaves, and looks different from the adult.eats leaves
- Name the young stage. The word is caterpillar.caterpillar
- Write the answer. caterpillar
Check. The caterpillar changes shape to become a butterfly. ✓
Method. Think about what happens in the chrysalis.
- Think about the chrysalis. In the chrysalis the body changes shape.changes shape
- Write the reason. So the adult butterfly looks different from the caterpillar.looks different
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says the caterpillar changes shape in the chrysalis to become an adult butterfly.
Check. This change of shape is called metamorphosis. ✓
Life cycle of a bird, and comparing the four
A blackbird is a bird. Birds have feathers and a beak. A bird lays its eggs in a nest. Each egg has a hard shell.
The egg hatches into a chick. The parents feed the chick until it can grow its feathers. The young bird then leaves the nest, and it can fly. When it is grown, it is an adult bird, and it can lay eggs.
Compare the four life cycles: a mammal is born alive and fed on milk. An amphibian starts as an egg in water, and then becomes a tadpole. An insect starts as an egg on a leaf, and changes shape in the chrysalis. A bird starts as an egg with a hard shell in a nest.
Key ideas
- Birds have feathers and a beak, and lay eggs with hard shells in a nest.
- A chick is fed by its parents until it can leave the nest.
- Each life cycle starts in a different way: born alive, spawn, eggs on a leaf, or eggs in a nest.
- A table or a bar chart helps you compare the groups.
Method. Read the pictures in order.
- Read the stages. The stages are egg, chick, young bird, and adult bird.chick, young bird
- Name the next stage. The stage after the chick is the young bird.young bird
- Write the answer. young bird
Check. The young bird grows its feathers. ✓
Method. Read the features of birds.
- Read the features. Birds have feathers, and a beak.feathers and a beak
- Name the covering. So the covering is feathers.feathers
- Write the answer. feathers
Check. Feathers help a bird fly. ✓
Method. Read the bar for the birds.
- Read the bird bar. The bird bar shows 4 observations.4
- Find the matching bar. The insect bar also shows 4 observations.insect
- Write the answer. insect
Check. Both bars reach 4 on the chart. ✓
Watch out
Watch out: a bird’s chick is not a small adult. It hatches from its egg and is fed by its parents, and it grows its feathers before it can fly.
Try it (with your teacher or a grown-up). Watch a bird feeder or a garden from a window, with a grown-up. Count the birds you see in five minutes, and record them in a tally. Never touch a nest or any eggs, and keep a safe distance from wild birds.
Exam tip
Grown-up tip. Ask: “Which group starts life in a nest? Which group is fed on milk?” Let your child compare the four life cycles in a table.
Exercise 2E Life cycle of a bird, and comparing the four
Method. Read the features of birds.
- Read the features. Birds have feathers, and a beak.feathers
- Choose the covering. So the covering is feathers.feathers
- Write the answer. feathers
Check. Mammals have fur or hair instead. ✓
Method. Read the description of the bird.
- Read the description. Birds lay eggs with hard shells, in a nest.hard shells
- Fill the gap. So the missing word is shells.shells
- Write the answer. shells
Check. The hard shell protects the developing chick. ✓
Method. Read the description of the bird life cycle.
- Read the description. The egg hatches into a chick.hatches into a chick
- Name the young bird. So a baby bird is called a chick.chick
- Write the answer. chick
Check. A chick needs food from its parents. ✓
Method. Read the description of the chick.
- Read the description. The parents feed the chick until it can grow its feathers.parents feed
- Choose the answer. So the chick is fed by its parents.parents
- Write the answer. parents
Check. The chick cannot find all its food alone yet. ✓
Method. Count the pictures in the bird cycle.
- Count the pictures. The pictures show egg, chick, young bird and adult bird.four pictures
- Write the number. So there are four stages.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. Each stage is one picture in the cycle. ✓
Method. Read the description of the young bird.
- Read the description. The young bird leaves the nest when it can fly.can fly
- Fill the gap. So the missing word is fly.fly
- Write the answer. fly
Check. A young bird grows its feathers before it can fly. ✓
Method. Read the bird bar.
- Read the bar. The bird bar reaches 4.4
- Write the number. So there were four observations of birds.4
- Write the answer. 4
Check. The total of the bars is 12. ✓
Method. Read the mammal bar.
- Read the bar. The mammal bar reaches 2.2
- Write the number. So there were two observations of mammals.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. Two mammals were seen in the class list. ✓
Method. Compare the heights of the bars.
- Compare the bars. The insect bar and the bird bar both reach 4.both reach 4
- Name the groups. So the two groups are insect and bird.insect and bird
- Write the answer. insect and bird
Check. Both groups have 4 observations. ✓
Method. Subtract the smaller number from the larger number.
- Read the two bars. There are 4 observations of insects and 2 of mammals.4 and 2
- Subtract. The difference is 4 minus 2, which is 2.4 - 2 = 2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. Check: 2 + 2 = 4. ✓
Method. Compare the two eggs.
- Think about the blackbird. A blackbird egg has a hard shell, and it is laid in a nest.hard shell in a nest
- Think about the frog. A frog egg has no hard shell, and it is laid in water as spawn.in water
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says a blackbird’s egg has a hard shell and is laid in a nest, while a frog’s eggs are laid in water as spawn.
Check. The eggs are laid in different places. ✓
Method. Think about the eggs and the chicks.
- Think about the eggs. The eggs and chicks are fragile, and need the parents to care for them.fragile
- Write the reason. Touching the nest can harm them or stop the parents from caring for them.harm
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says touching a nest can harm the eggs or the chicks, or stop the parents from caring for them.
Check. Wild birds should be left alone at their nests. ✓
Chapter summary
| Skill | Method |
|---|---|
| Life cycle | A series of stages, from young to adult, which goes round again. |
| Mammal | Usually born alive, fed on milk, and has hair or fur. The young grow into adults. |
| Amphibian | Eggs laid in water as spawn. A tadpole breathes through gills, then grows legs and lungs. |
| Insect | Eggs laid on a leaf. A caterpillar eats leaves, becomes a chrysalis, and then an adult. Six legs. |
| Bird | Eggs with hard shells, laid in a nest. A chick is fed by its parents, then grows feathers and can fly. |
| Comparing | Each group starts life in a different way: born alive, spawn, eggs on leaves, or eggs in a nest. |
Can you…?
- I can explain what a life cycle is, and name its stages in order
- I can describe the life cycle of a mammal, and say how its young are fed
- I can describe the life cycle of an amphibian, including the tadpole and gills
- I can describe the life cycle of an insect, including the caterpillar and the chrysalis
- I can describe the life cycle of a bird, and compare the four life cycles
Key terms
- life cycle
- the series of stages a living thing goes through, from young to adult, and round again
- mammal
- an animal with hair or fur, which usually gives birth to live young and feeds them on milk
- amphibian
- an animal that usually starts life as an egg in water, and can live on land and in water as an adult
- insect
- an animal with six legs and three main body parts
- bird
- an animal with feathers and a beak, which lays eggs with hard shells
- spawn
- the clump of eggs laid by frogs in water
- tadpole
- the young stage of a frog, which lives in water and breathes through gills
- caterpillar
- the young stage of a butterfly, which eats leaves
- chrysalis
- the stage in which a caterpillar rests and changes shape
- metamorphosis
- a big change of shape during the life cycle of an insect
- chick
- a young bird that hatches from an egg
- nest
- a place where a bird lays its eggs and raises its chicks
Exercise 2Z Check-up
Method. Think about where frogs lay their eggs.
- Think about frogs. Frogs lay their eggs in water, as spawn.in water
- Choose the group. So the group is amphibian.amphibian
- Write the answer. amphibian
Check. Frogs are amphibians. ✓
Method. Read the description of the frog life cycle.
- Read the description. A tadpole breathes through gills and lives in water.gills
- Name the stage. So the stage is the tadpole.tadpole
- Write the answer. tadpole
Check. Gills are used for breathing in water. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the stages. The order is egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, adult butterfly.caterpillar, chrysalis, adult
- Name the stage. The stage between the caterpillar and the adult is the chrysalis.chrysalis
- Write the answer. chrysalis
Check. In the chrysalis the body changes shape. ✓
Method. Count the pictures.
- Count the pictures. The pictures show a baby, a young cat and an adult cat.three pictures
- Write the number. So there are three stages.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Each picture is one stage. ✓
Method. Read the features of insects.
- Read the features. Insects have six legs.six legs
- Write the number. So the answer is six.6
- Write the answer. 6
Check. Spiders have eight legs, so they are not insects. ✓
Method. Think about how mammals begin life.
- Think about mammals. Most mammals give birth to live young.live young
- Decide. So the statement is false.false
- Write the answer. false
Check. Hatching from an egg is how birds and many insects begin life. ✓
Method. Read the features of birds.
- Read the features. Birds have feathers and a beak.feathers
- Name the covering. So the covering is feathers.feathers
- Write the answer. feathers
Check. A chick grows its feathers before it can fly. ✓
Method. Count the bars that reach 4.
- Read the bars. The amphibian, insect and bird bars each reach 4.three bars
- Count them. So three groups show 4 stages.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. Only the mammal bar is shorter. ✓
Method. Read the amphibian bar.
- Read the bar. The amphibian bar reaches 2.2
- Write the number. So there were two observations of amphibians.2
- Write the answer. 2
Check. The bars show the class list. ✓
Method. Read the description in section 2.4.
- Read the description. The change of shape of an insect is called metamorphosis.change of shape
- Name it. So the word is metamorphosis.metamorphosis
- Write the answer. metamorphosis
Check. A butterfly goes through metamorphosis in its chrysalis. ✓
Total 15 marks. Allow about 15 minutes.
Exercise 2X Practice test questions
Method. Think about the young stage that lives in water.
- Read the description. The young frog that breathes with gills and lives in water is called a tadpole.gills
- Name it. The word is tadpole.tadpole
- Write the answer. tadpole
Check. Tadpoles change into frogs. ✓
Method. Read the features of insects.
- Read the features. Insects have six legs.six legs
- Write the number. So the answer is six.6
- Write the answer. 6
Check. Spiders are not insects, because they have eight legs. ✓
Method. Think about how each group begins life.
- Think about the groups. Most mammals give birth to live young.give birth
- Choose the group. So the group is mammals.mammals
- Write the answer. mammals
Check. Birds and amphibians start life as eggs. ✓
Method. Think about the name for a young bird.
- Think about the bird. A young bird that hatches from an egg is called a chick.hatches from an egg
- Name it. The word is chick.chick
- Write the answer. chick
Check. Chicks are fed by their parents. ✓
Method. Read the stages in order.
- Read the stages. The stages are egg, caterpillar, chrysalis and adult butterfly.caterpillar, chrysalis
- Name the stage. The stage between the caterpillar and the adult is the chrysalis.chrysalis
- Write the answer. chrysalis
Check. In the chrysalis the caterpillar changes shape. ✓
Method. Think about where each young animal lives.
- Think about the frog. A tadpole develops and lives in water.in water
- Think about the butterfly. A caterpillar eats leaves, so it lives on leaves.on leaves
- Write the answer. in water and on leaves
Check. Accept any answer that gives water for the frog and leaves for the butterfly. ✓
Method. Think about what a young mammal needs.
- Think about the young. A young mammal grows by using its food.grows
- Write the reason. Milk is the food that a young mammal needs.milk is food
- Write the answer. Accept any sentence that says milk gives the young the food they need to grow.
Check. Young mammals depend on milk to grow. ✓
Method. Count the bars that reach 4.
- Read the bars. The amphibian, insect and bird bars each reach 4.three bars
- Count them. So three groups show 4 stages.3
- Write the answer. 3
Check. The mammal bar shows 3 stages. ✓
Method. Compare the two life cycles.
- Compare the eggs. A frog lays eggs in water, as spawn. A blackbird lays eggs in a nest.water and nest
- Compare the young. A tadpole has gills and a tail, but a chick is fed by its parents.gills and tail
- Write two differences. Two correct differences answer the question.two differences
- Write the answer. Accept any two correct differences, such as: frog eggs are laid in water and blackbird eggs are laid in a nest; a tadpole has gills and a tail, but a chick does not.
Check. Both life cycles have stages, but they start in different ways. ✓
Method. Read the two bars.
- Read the bird bar. The bird bar reaches 4.4
- Read the mammal bar. The mammal bar reaches 2, so birds were seen more often.2
- Write the answer. yes. Birds 4, mammals 2.
Check. 4 is more than 2, so Mo is right. ✓