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Primary English · Year 6Chapter 2 · Spelling -ant, -ent, -able and -ible
Year 6 · Chapter 2

Spelling -ant, -ent, -able and -ible

By the end of this chapter you will be able to

  • Find a related word, and change -ant to -ance or -ancy, or -ent to -ence or -ency
  • Learn the words that have no clear family word
  • Add -able to a root word, dropping a silent e first
  • Add -ible to a root that is not a word on its own, and learn the exceptions
  • Change -able and -ible adjectives into adverbs ending in -ably and -ibly

You should already know

  • Root words, suffixes and the meaning of a word (Year 4 spelling)
  • Choosing the correct spelling of a word from its root word (Chapter 1 of this book)

Where this leads

  • The statutory word list and root words (Chapters 3 and 4 of this book)

National Curriculum for England, Key Stage 2 English, Year 6. Content: Spell the endings -ant, -ance, -ancy and -ent, -ence, -ency by choosing from a related word in the same family (Y5-6 spelling), Learn the spelling of words with -ant or -ent that have no clear related word (Y5-6 spelling), Spell the endings -able and -ible: -able after a root word that is a whole word, and -ible after a root that is not (Y5-6 spelling), Spell -ably and -ibly, by dropping the e of the adjective and adding -y (Y5-6 spelling), Use a dictionary and the word family to check the spelling of new words (Y5-6 spelling).

Exercise P  Do you remember?

1
FWrite the plural of the noun city. Write the word only.
2
FAdd the suffix -ly to the adjective happy. Write the new word.
3
FWrite the root word of careful. Write the word only.
4
FWhich word class is quickly? Write noun, verb, adjective or adverb.
5
FAdd the prefix dis- to the verb appear. Write the new word.
2.1

The endings -ant, -ance and -ancy, from a word family

Year 6
Spell -ant, -ance and -ancy by choosing from a related word in the same family (Y5-6 spelling)
Video lesson: The endings -ant, -ance and -ancy, from a word familyComing soon
Story. Amir is the class assistant this week. He writes a notice for the library, which says there is a vacancy for a helper on Thursdays, and he thanks everyone for their help.

Some nouns end in -ance or -ancy, and their related adjectives end in -ant. To spell the noun, find the word family: the word you already know, such as assistant or vacant.

Take off the -ant from the word you know, then add -ance or -ancy.

Words with -ant and their nouns

Word with -antNoun with -ance or -ancyMeaning of the noun
assistantassistancehelp given to someone
vacantvacancya job or room that is free
toleranttolerancewillingness to accept others who are different
brilliantbrilliancegreat brightness or skill
arrogantarrogancebehaving as if you are better than others
elegantelegancea graceful and stylish quality
resistantresistanceopposing or fighting against something

Key ideas

  • A word that ends in -ant often has a noun in -ance or -ancy.
  • Take off -ant, then add -ance or -ancy.
  • Check the word family, not the sound.
Worked example 2.1.1
Write the noun made from assistant, which means help given to someone.

Method. Find the word family, then change the ending.

  1. Find the base word. Assistant ends in -ant.
    assistant
  2. Change the ending. Take off -ant and add -ance: assist + ance.
    assist + ance
  3. Write the noun. Assistance means help given to someone.
    assistance
  4. Write the answer.
    assistance

Check. assistant - ant + ance = assistance. ✓

Worked example 2.1.2
Write the noun made from vacant, which means a job or room that is free.

Method. Take off -ant, then add -ancy.

  1. Find the base word. Vacant ends in -ant.
    vacant
  2. Change the ending. Take off -ant and add -ancy: vac + ancy.
    vac + ancy
  3. Write the noun. A vacancy is a job or room that is free.
    vacancy
  4. Write the answer.
    vacancy

Check. vacant - ant + ancy = vacancy. ✓

Watch out. The noun from vacant ends in -ancy, not -ance.

Worked example 2.1.3
Which spelling is correct for the noun from tolerant: tolerence or tolerance?

Method. Use the word family, and change -ant to -ance.

  1. Find the base word. Tolerant ends in -ant, so the noun ends in -ance or -ancy.
    tolerant
  2. Change the ending. Take off -ant and add -ance: toler + ance.
    toler + ance
  3. Compare the spellings. Tolerence has -ence, which is not the family ending.
    tolerance
  4. Write the answer.
    tolerance

Check. tolerant gives tolerance with an a. ✓

Watch out. If the adjective has an a in its ending, the noun has an a too.

Watch out

Watch out: vacancy ends in -ancy, not -ance. Use -ancy for the noun from vacant, and check the noun in a dictionary if you are not sure.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to write the -ant word and the noun side by side, then to cover the noun and rewrite it from the -ant word.

Exercise 2A  Practice: -ant, -ance and -ancy

1
FWrite the noun made from assistant, which means: help given to someone.
2
FWrite the noun made from vacant, which means: a job or room that is free.
3
FWrite the noun made from tolerant, which means: willingness to accept others who are different.
4
FWrite the noun made from brilliant, which means: great brightness or skill.
5
FWrite the noun made from arrogant, which means: behaving as if you are better than others.
6
FWrite the noun made from elegant, which means: a graceful and stylish quality.
7
FWrite the noun made from resistant, which means: opposing or fighting against something.
8
PSWhich spelling is correct for the noun from resistant? Choose one: resistence or resistance.
9
RExplain in one sentence how the word family helps you spell assistance.
10
PSWrite the adjective that gives the noun elegance. Write the word only.
11
PSWrite the noun made from brilliant, which means great brightness or skill.
12
PSA sign says Vacancies for helpers. Which word is the noun from vacant, and what ending does it take? Write the word only.
13
RIs the spelling arrogence correct for the noun from arrogant? Explain your answer.
14
FWrite the noun made from resistant, which means opposing or fighting against something. Write the word only.
15
FWrite the noun made from elegant, which means graceful and stylish.
16
PSWrite one sentence about a job that is free. Use the word vacancy correctly.
17
RExplain why the noun from vacant ends in -ancy, not -ance, in one sentence.
2.2

The endings -ent, -ence and -ency, from a word family

Year 6
Spell -ent, -ence and -ency by choosing from a related word in the same family (Y5-6 spelling)
Video lesson: The endings -ent, -ence and -ency, from a word familyComing soon
Story. Leah is writing a report about the school choir. She describes the excellent singers, the patient conductor and the urgency of the competition, and she writes about confidence on stage.

Other nouns end in -ence or -ency, and their related adjectives end in -ent. Again, find the word family, then take off -ent and add -ence or -ency.

Check the word family first, because the family tells you which ending is right.

Words with -ent and their nouns

Word with -entNoun with -ence or -encyMeaning of the noun
confidentconfidencebelief in yourself and what you can do
independentindependencebeing free from the control of others
innocentinnocencebeing not guilty, or not harmful
obedientobediencedoing what you are told
excellentexcellencebeing very good indeed
patientpatiencestaying calm while you wait
intelligentintelligencebeing able to learn and think well
fluentfluencyspeaking easily and smoothly
urgenturgencyneeding action at once
frequentfrequencyhow often something happens

Key ideas

  • A word that ends in -ent often has a noun in -ence or -ency.
  • Take off -ent, then add -ence or -ency.
  • Check the family word, not the sound.
Worked example 2.2.1
Write the noun made from confident, which means belief in yourself.

Method. Take off -ent, then add -ence.

  1. Find the base word. Confident ends in -ent.
    confident
  2. Change the ending. Take off -ent and add -ence: confid + ence.
    confidence
  3. Write the noun. Confidence means belief in yourself.
    confidence
  4. Write the answer.
    confidence

Check. confident - ent + ence = confidence. ✓

Worked example 2.2.2
Write the noun made from urgent, which means needing action at once.

Method. Take off -ent, then add -ency.

  1. Find the base word. Urgent ends in -ent.
    urgent
  2. Change the ending. Take off -ent and add -ency: urg + ency.
    urgency
  3. Write the noun. Urgency means needing action at once.
    urgency
  4. Write the answer.
    urgency

Check. urgent - ent + ency = urgency. ✓

Watch out. Some -ent words take -ency, not -ence. Check the family word.

Worked example 2.2.3
Which spelling is correct for the noun from fluent: fluence or fluency?

Method. Use the family word, then change the ending.

  1. Find the base word. Fluent ends in -ent, so the noun ends in -ence or -ency.
    fluent
  2. Change the ending. Take off -ent and add -ency: flu + ency.
    fluency
  3. Compare the spellings. Fluence is not the family spelling for fluent.
    fluency
  4. Write the answer.
    fluency

Check. fluent - ent + ency = fluency. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: some -ent words take -ence and some take -ency. Do not guess. Check the family word and its noun, and learn the noun when you meet it.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Make a card with the -ent word on one side and the noun on the other. Ask your child to say the noun, then turn the card over to check the spelling.

Exercise 2B  Practice: -ent, -ence and -ency

1
FWrite the noun made from confident, which means: belief in yourself and what you can do.
2
FWrite the noun made from independent, which means: being free from the control of others.
3
FWrite the noun made from innocent, which means: being not guilty, or not harmful.
4
FWrite the noun made from obedient, which means: doing what you are told.
5
FWrite the noun made from excellent, which means: being very good indeed.
6
FWrite the noun made from patient, which means: staying calm while you wait.
7
FWrite the noun made from intelligent, which means: being able to learn and think well.
8
FWrite the noun made from fluent, which means: speaking easily and smoothly.
9
PSWhich spelling is correct for the noun from independent? Choose one: independance or independence.
10
RExplain in one sentence how to spell the noun from innocent.
11
PSWrite the adjective that gives the noun excellence. Write the word only.
12
PSWrite one sentence about a choir that uses the word confidence correctly.
13
PSCorrect the spelling in this sentence: The obediance of the dog was excellent.
14
FWrite the noun made from frequent, which means how often something happens. Write the word only.
15
FWrite the noun made from patient, which means staying calm while you wait. Write the word only.
16
RExplain why urgency ends in -ency, not -ence, using the word family.
17
PSWrite the noun made from intelligent, which means being able to learn and think well. Write the word only.
18
PSWrite one sentence about a patient teacher. Use the word patience correctly.
2.3

Words with -ant or -ent that have no clear family, and how to learn them

Year 6
Learn the spelling of words with -ant or -ent that have no clear related word (Y5-6 spelling), Check the spelling in a dictionary (Y5-6 spelling)
Video lesson: Words with -ant or -ent that have no clear family, and how to learn themComing soon
Story. Dev is reading a dictionary to check his spelling for the school magazine. He finds that some words have no family word, so he has to learn their spelling, one word at a time.

Some words end in -ant or -ent, but they have no clear word family that helps you spell them. Examples are important and different. For these words, learn the spelling. Say the word, look at each letter, then write it again from memory.

Words to learn

WordEndingMeaning
important-antof great value or meaning
pleasant-antnice to see, hear or be with
elephant-anta very large animal with a long trunk
different-entnot the same as another
apparent-enteasy to see or understand
parent-enta mother or a father

Key ideas

  • Some -ant and -ent words have no family word to help.
  • Learn these words by their spelling, and check a dictionary when you are not sure.
  • Write the word from memory, then check it.
Worked example 2.3.1
Write the word with the ending -ant that means of great value or meaning.

Method. Look for a family word, then learn the spelling.

  1. Look for a family word. There is no clear family word that shows the ending.
    no clear family
  2. Learn the spelling. Important ends in -ant, so write it with the a.
    important
  3. Check the meaning. Important means of great value or meaning.
    of great value
  4. Write the answer.
    important

Check. important is spelt with -ant. ✓

Worked example 2.3.2
Which spelling is correct: different or differant?

Method. Learn the spelling, then check the ending.

  1. Say the parts of the word. Dif-fer-ent: the ending is -ent.
    dif-fer-ent
  2. Check the spelling. Differant has -ant, which is wrong for this word.
    different
  3. Write the answer.
    different

Check. different ends in -ent. ✓

Worked example 2.3.3
Write the word with the ending -ent that means a mother or a father.

Method. Learn the spelling of the word with -ent.

  1. Think about the meaning. A mother or a father is a parent.
    a mother or a father
  2. Learn the ending. Parent ends in -ent, so write the e and the n.
    par + ent
  3. Check the word. Parent is spelt with -ent.
    parent
  4. Write the answer.
    parent

Check. parent ends in -ent. ✓

Watch out

Watch out: elephant ends in -ant, and it is easy to write -ent. Learn the spelling with its a.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Choose three words from this section, and ask your child to write each one from memory. Then check them together in a dictionary.

Exercise 2C  Practice: words to learn

1
FWrite the word with the ending -ant that means: of great value or meaning.
2
FWrite the word with the ending -ant that means: nice to see, hear or be with.
3
FWrite the word with the ending -ant that means: a very large animal with a long trunk.
4
FWrite the word with the ending -ent that means: not the same as another.
5
FWrite the word with the ending -ent that means: easy to see or understand.
6
FWrite the word with the ending -ent that means: a mother or a father.
7
PSWhich spelling is correct? Choose one: importent or important.
8
PSWhich spelling is correct? Choose one: pleasent or pleasant.
9
PSCorrect the spelling in this sentence: The elefant at the zoo was very gentle.
10
RExplain why you cannot use a family word to spell important.
11
FWrite the word with the ending -ent that means easy to see or understand. Write the word only.
12
PSCorrect the spelling: The diferent answers were all correct.
13
PSWrite one sentence with the word pleasant in it. Write the sentence.
14
FWrite the word with the ending -ant that means a very large animal with a long trunk.
15
RDev says he will learn different by saying it loudly. Suggest a better way to learn its spelling.
16
RExplain in one sentence why the spelling of parent must be learned.
17
FWrite the word with the ending -ent that means not the same as another.
2.4

The ending -able after a root word that is a whole word

Year 6
Spell -able after a root word that is a whole word, e.g. lovable, washable (Y5-6 spelling)
Video lesson: The ending -able after a root word that is a whole wordComing soon
Story. The school shop sells washable bags, comfortable cushions and breakable mugs. The sign says that every item is reasonable in price, and that the enjoyable range is for everyone.

Many adjectives end in -able. Use -able when the root word is a whole word, such as wash, love, comfort or enjoy.

If the root word ends in a silent e, drop the e first. Love becomes lovable, and believe becomes believable.

Root words that are whole words

AdjectiveRoot wordMeaning
lovableloveeasy to love
washablewashable to be washed
enjoyableenjoygiving pleasure
comfortablecomfortgiving a feeling of ease
reasonablereasonfair, sensible and not too much
breakablebreaklikely to break
believablebelieveable to be believed
laughablelaughso silly that people laugh

Key ideas

  • Use -able after a root word that is a whole word.
  • If the root ends in a silent e, drop the e, then add -able.
  • Enjoy keeps its y: enjoyable.
Worked example 2.4.1
Write the adjective made from love, which means easy to love.

Method. The root ends in e, so drop the e first.

  1. Find the root word. Love is a whole word, and it ends in silent e.
    love
  2. Drop the e and add -able. Drop the e: lov, then add able.
    lov + able
  3. Write the word. Lovable means easy to love.
    lovable
  4. Write the answer.
    lovable

Check. love - e + able = lovable. ✓

Worked example 2.4.2
Write the adjective made from wash, which means able to be washed.

Method. Wash is a whole word, so add -able.

  1. Find the root word. Wash is a whole word, with no e at the end.
    wash
  2. Add the ending. Add -able to the root word.
    wash + able
  3. Write the word. Washable means able to be washed.
    washable
  4. Write the answer.
    washable

Check. wash + able = washable. ✓

Worked example 2.4.3
Write the adjective made from enjoy, which means giving pleasure.

Method. Enjoy is a whole word, so add -able.

  1. Find the root word. Enjoy is a whole word, and it ends in y.
    enjoy
  2. Add the ending. Keep the y, and add -able: enjoy + able.
    enjoy + able
  3. Write the word. Enjoyable means giving pleasure.
    enjoyable
  4. Write the answer.
    enjoyable

Check. enjoy + able = enjoyable. ✓

Watch out. Keep the y in enjoyable. Do not write enjoyble.

Watch out

Watch out: a silent e must go before -able. Believe becomes believable, not believeable.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to find a silent e in a root word, cross it out, and then add -able to see the new word.

Exercise 2D  Practice: -able after a whole-word root

1
FWrite the adjective made from love, which means easy to love.
2
FWrite the adjective made from wash, which means able to be washed.
3
FWrite the adjective made from enjoy, which means giving pleasure.
4
FWrite the adjective made from comfort, which means giving a feeling of ease.
5
FWrite the adjective made from reason, which means fair, sensible and not too much.
6
FWrite the adjective made from break, which means likely to break.
7
FWrite the adjective made from believe, which means able to be believed.
8
FWrite the adjective made from laugh, which means so silly that people laugh.
9
PSWhich spelling is correct for the adjective from believe? Choose one: believeable or believable.
10
RExplain in one sentence why the adjective from love is lovable and not loveable.
11
PSCorrect the spelling in this sentence: The sofa was very comfortible for the guests.
12
FWrite the adjective made from break, which means likely to break. Write the word only.
13
FWrite the adjective made from reason, which means fair and sensible. Write the word only.
14
PSWrite one sentence about a mug that uses the word breakable correctly.
15
PSWrite one sentence that uses washable correctly, about a school bag.
16
FWrite the adjective made from laugh, which means so silly that people laugh. Write the word only.
17
FWrite the adjective made from believe, which means able to be believed. Write the word only.
18
RExplain why the adjective from enjoy keeps its y.
2.5

The ending -ible, and -ably and -ibly

Year 6
Spell -ible after a root that is not a word on its own, e.g. visible, horrible (Y5-6 spelling), Spell -ably and -ibly by dropping the e and adding -y (Y5-6 spelling)
Video lesson: The ending -ible, and -ably and -iblyComing soon
Story. The sports day sign says the finish line is visible from the field. The weather was horrible at the start, but terribly hot by noon, and the timing was reasonably accurate.

Some adjectives end in -ible. Use -ible when the root is not a word on its own. For example, vis is not a word, so visible ends in -ible. Horrible, terrible and audible follow the same pattern.

Adverbs are made from these adjectives. Drop the e, and add -y: reasonable becomes reasonably, and visible becomes visibly.

Root words that are not words on their own

AdjectiveRootMeaning
visiblevisable to be seen
horriblehorrvery unpleasant
terribleterrvery bad
audibleaudable to be heard
possiblepossable to happen

Adverbs from -able and -ible adjectives

AdjectiveAdverb
reasonablereasonably
comfortablecomfortably
possiblepossibly
terribleterribly
visiblevisibly
horriblehorribly

Key ideas

  • Use -ible after a root that is not a word on its own.
  • Sensible is an exception: its root sense is a word, so learn it.
  • Drop the e from the adjective, then add -y to make -ably or -ibly.
Worked example 2.5.1
Write the adjective with the root vis, which means able to be seen.

Method. The root vis is not a word on its own, so the ending is -ible.

  1. Check the root. Vis is not a word on its own.
    vis
  2. Add the ending. Add -ible: vis + ible.
    vis + ible
  3. Write the word. Visible means able to be seen.
    visible
  4. Write the answer.
    visible

Check. vis + ible = visible. ✓

Worked example 2.5.2
Write the adverb made from the adjective reasonable.

Method. Drop the e, then add -y.

  1. Find the adjective. Reasonable ends in -able.
    reasonable
  2. Drop the e and add -y. Drop the e: reasonabl, then add y.
    reasonabl + y
  3. Write the adverb. Reasonably means in a fair and sensible way.
    reasonably
  4. Write the answer.
    reasonably

Check. reasonable - e + y = reasonably. ✓

Worked example 2.5.3
Write the adverb made from the adjective possible.

Method. Drop the e, then add -y.

  1. Find the adjective. Possible ends in -ible.
    possible
  2. Drop the e and add -y. Drop the e: possibl, then add y.
    possibl + y
  3. Write the adverb. Possibly means that something may happen.
    possibly
  4. Write the answer.
    possibly

Check. possible - e + y = possibly. ✓

Watch out. Write possibly, not possibley.

Watch out

Watch out: sensible ends in -ible, although sense is a word. It is an exception, so learn it.

Exam tip

Grown-up tip. Ask your child to make a list of the adjectives in this section, then to change each one into an adverb by dropping the e and adding -y.

Exercise 2E  Practice: -ible, -ably and -ibly

1
FWrite the adjective with the root vis that means able to be seen.
2
FWrite the adjective with the root horr that means very unpleasant.
3
FWrite the adjective with the root terr that means very bad.
4
FWrite the adjective with the root aud that means able to be heard.
5
FWrite the adjective with the root poss that means able to happen.
6
FWrite the adverb made from the adjective reasonable.
7
FWrite the adverb made from the adjective comfortable.
8
PSWhich spelling is correct? Choose one: sensable or sensible.
9
RExplain why sensible is an exception, in one or two sentences.
10
FWrite the adverb made from the adjective visible. Write the word only.
11
PSCorrect the spelling in this sentence: The horrable storm was terribley loud.
12
FWrite the adjective with the root horr, which means very unpleasant. Write the word only.
13
FWrite the adverb made from the adjective terrible. Write the word only.
14
FWrite the adjective with the root aud that means able to be heard.
15
PSWrite the adjective with the root poss, which means able to happen. Write the word only.
16
RWrite one sentence about a sports day that uses visibly or reasonably correctly.

Chapter summary

SkillMethod
-ant, -ance, -ancyTake off -ant from the word you know, then add -ance or -ancy: assistant, assistance, vacant, vacancy.
-ent, -ence, -encyTake off -ent, then add -ence or -ency: confident, confidence, urgent, urgency.
No clear familyLearn the spelling: important, different, elephant, parent.
-ableAfter a root word that is a whole word. Drop a silent e first: love, lovable; enjoy, enjoyable.
-ibleAfter a root that is not a word on its own: vis, visible; horr, horrible. Sensible is an exception.
-ably, -iblyDrop the e from the adjective, then add -y: reasonable, reasonably; visible, visibly.

Can you…?

  • I can find a word family, and change -ant to -ance or -ancy
  • I can change -ent to -ence or -ency, using the family word
  • I can learn the words that have no clear family, such as important and different
  • I can add -able to a whole-word root, dropping a silent e first
  • I can add -ible to a root that is not a word on its own
  • I know that sensible is an exception to learn
  • I can make adverbs ending in -ably and -ibly
  • I can check a spelling in the word family or in a dictionary

Key terms

word family
a group of words that share a root word, such as assist, assistant and assistance
root word
the word that other words are made from, by adding a prefix or a suffix
suffix
a group of letters added to the end of a word, such as -ance or -able
silent e
an e at the end of a word that is not spoken, such as the e in love
adjective
a word that describes a noun, such as washable or visible
adverb
a word that tells how, when or where an action happens, such as reasonably
exception
a word that does not follow the usual rule, so it must be learned
dictionary
a book that gives the spelling, meaning and origin of words

Exercise 2Z  Check-up

1
Write the noun made from vacant, which means: a job or room that is free.
2
Write the noun made from confident, which means: belief in yourself and what you can do.
3
Which spelling is correct for the noun from independent? Choose one: independance or independence.
4
Write the word with the ending -ant that means: of great value or meaning.
5
Write the word with the ending -ent that means: not the same as another.
6
Write the adjective made from love, which means easy to love.
7
Write the adjective with the root vis that means able to be seen.
8
Write the adverb made from the adjective reasonable.
9
Correct the spelling in this sentence: The patiant nurse was very excellant with the children.
10
Explain in one sentence why comfortable does not have an e before -able.

Total 14 marks. Allow about 14 minutes.

Exercise 2X  Practice test questions

1
FWrite the noun made from the adjective resistant. Write the word only.[1 mark]
2
PSWrite the word that means a job or room that is free, using the noun from vacant. Write the word only.[1 mark]
3
FWhich spelling is correct for the noun from confident? Choose one: confidance or confidence.[1 mark]
4
FWrite the adjective made from the root word love, which means easy to love. Write the word only.[1 mark]
5
PSWrite the adjective with the root terr, which means very bad. Write the word only.[1 mark]
6
PSCorrect the two spelling mistakes in this sentence: The patiant teacher waited with patiance for the late bus.[2 marks]
7
FWrite the adverb made from the adjective comfortable. Write the word only.[1 mark]
8
PSWrite one sentence that uses the word washable correctly, about a school jumper. Use a capital letter and a full stop.[3 marks]
9
RExplain why the word sensible is an exception to the rule for -able and -ible, in one or two sentences.[2 marks]
10
FWrite one sentence with the word elephant in it. Write the word correctly, with its -ant ending. Use a capital letter and a full stop.[1 mark]
← Chapter 1: Spelling -cious, -tious, -cial and -tialChapter 3: Silent letters and the statutory word list, part 1 →

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